Microencapsulation of Copper(II) Sulfate in Ionically Cross-Linked Chitosan by Spray Drying for the Development of Irreversible Moisture Indicators in Paper Packaging

Sandra Rojas-Lema; Jorge Terol; Eduardo Fages; Rafael Balart; Luis Quiles-Carrillo; Cristina Prieto; Sergio Torres-Giner

doi:10.3390/polym12092039

Microencapsulation of Copper(II) Sulfate in Ionically Cross-Linked Chitosan by Spray Drying for the Development of Irreversible Moisture Indicators in Paper Packaging

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12092039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2039 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sandra Rojas-Lema ◽

Jorge Terol ◽

Eduardo Fages ◽

Rafael Balart ◽

Luis Quiles-Carrillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spray Drying ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽

Great Promise ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Chitosan Microparticles ◽

Cellulose Substrates

Copper(II) sulfate-loaded chitosan microparticles were herein prepared using ionic cross-linking with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) followed by spray drying. The microencapsulation process was optimal using an inlet temperature of 180 °C, a liquid flow-rate of 290 mL/h, an aspiration rate of 90%, and an atomizing gas flow-rate of 667 nL/h. Chitosan particles containing copper(II) sulfate of approximately 4 µm with a shrunken-type morphology were efficiently attained and, thereafter, fixated on a paper substrate either via cross-linking with STPP or using a chitosan hydrogel. The latter method led to the most promising system since it was performed at milder conditions and the original paper quality was preserved. The developed cellulose substrates were reduced and then exposed to different humidity conditions and characterized using colorimetric measurements in order to ascertain their potential as irreversible indicators for moisture detection. The results showed that the papers coated with the copper(II) sulfate-containing chitosan microparticles were successfully able to detect ambient moisture shown by the color changes of the coatings from dark brown to blue, which can be easily seen with the naked eye. Furthermore, the chitosan microparticles yielded no cytotoxicity in an in vitro cell culture experiment. Therefore, the cellulose substrates herein developed hold great promise in paper packaging as on-package colorimetric indicators for monitoring moisture in real time.

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A Design of Experiment Approach to Optimize Spray-Dried Powders Containing Pseudomonas aeruginosaPodoviridae and Myoviridae Bacteriophages

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13101926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1926

Author(s):

Emilie Tabare ◽

Tea Glonti ◽

Christel Cochez ◽

Cyrille Ngassam ◽

Jean-Paul Pirnay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spray Drying ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Spray Dryer ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Residual Moisture ◽

Spray Dried

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of spray-drying formulations and operating parameters of a laboratory-scale spray-dryer on the characteristics of spray-dried powders containing two Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages exhibiting different morphotypes: a podovirus (LUZ19) and a myovirus (14-1). We optimized the production process for bacteriophage-loaded powders, with an emphasis on long-term storage under ICH (international conference on harmonization) conditions. D-trehalose-/L-isoleucine-containing bacteriophage mixtures were spray-dried from aqueous solutions using a Büchi Mini Spray-dryer B-290 (Flawil, Switzerland). A response surface methodology was used for the optimization of the spray-drying process, with the following as-evaluated parameters: Inlet temperature, spray gas flow rate, and the D-trehalose/L-isoleucine ratio. The dried powders were characterized in terms of yield, residual moisture content, and bacteriophage lytic activity. L-isoleucine has demonstrated a positive impact on the activity of LUZ19, but a negative impact on 14-1. We observed a negligible impact of the inlet temperature and a positive correlation of the spray gas flow rate with bacteriophage activity. After optimization, we were able to obtain dry powder preparations of both bacteriophages, which were stable for a minimum of one year under different ICH storage conditions (up to and including 40 °C and 75% relative humidity).

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Physico-Chemical and In Vitro Characterization of Chitosan-Based Microspheres Intended for Nasal Administration

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13050608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Csilla Bartos ◽

Patrícia Varga ◽

Piroska Szabó-Révész ◽

Rita Ambrus

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Nasal Administration ◽

Drug Bioavailability ◽

Intranasal Application ◽

Spray Dried

The absorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) through the nasal epithelium offers an innovative opportunity in the field of pain therapy. Thanks to the bonding of chitosan to the nasal mucosa and its permeability-enhancing effect, it is an excellent choice to formulate microspheres for the increase of drug bioavailability. The aim of our work includes the preparation of spray-dried cross-linked and non-cross-linked chitosan-based drug delivery systems for intranasal application, the optimization of spray-drying process parameters (inlet air temperature, pump rate), and the composition of samples. Cross-linked products were prepared by using different amounts of sodium tripolyphosphate. On top of these, the micrometric properties, the structural characteristics, the in vitro drug release, and the in vitro permeability of the products were studied. Spray-drying resulted in micronized chitosan particles (2–4 μm) regardless of the process parameters. The meloxicam (MEL)-containing microspheres showed nearly spherical habit, while MEL was present in a molecularly dispersed state. The highest dissolved (>90%) and permeated (~45 µg/cm2) MEL amount was detected from the non-cross-linked sample. Our results indicate that spray-dried MEL-containing chitosan microparticles may be recommended for the development of a novel drug delivery system to decrease acute pain or enhance analgesia by intranasal application.

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Optimization for Powder Yield of Spray-Dried Garlic Extract Powder Using Box-Behnken Experimental Design

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.859.301 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 859 ◽

pp. 301-306

Author(s):

Nattakanwadee Khumpirapang ◽

Supreeya Srituptim ◽

Worawut Kriangkrai

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Garlic Extract ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Feed Flow Rate ◽

Air Inlet ◽

Liquid Feed

Garlic exerts its pharmacological activities; antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemia, antihypercholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine and optimize the influence of the individual and interactive effect of process conditions variables on the yield of garlic extract powders by three factors and three level-Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology. Spray drying processes the transformation of a garlic juice extract into a dried powder, where usually maltodextrin (MD) as a drying agent is used. According to experimental design, the mixing of garlic juice extract (85 – 95 %w/w) and MD (5 – 15 %w/w) were dried at an air inlet temperature 110°C - 150°C and liquid feed flow rate 5 – 35 rpm. The optimum spray-drying process conditions which maximized the yield of garlic extract powder (31%w/w) were found as follows: air inlet temperature of 150°C, the liquid feed flow rate of 16 rpm, and 5 %w/w MD. The experimental values slightly closed to the corresponding predicted values. Hence, the developed model was adequate and possible to use.

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Optimization of Spray Drying Condition of Asparagus Powder Using Response Surface Methodology (P17-003-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz038.p17-003-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiseon Park ◽

Soon Bae Kwon ◽

Hye Jeong Kwon

Keyword(s):

Spray Drying ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Air Flow ◽

Absorption Index ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Air Flow Rate ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

Spray Dried

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate optimization of spray drying conditions for water-soluble powder using response surface methodology that is a statistical procedure used for optimization studies. Methods First, conditions of the extract used for spray drying were set. We compared heat water extraction (60–100 °C) with ethanol extraction (10–50%). After final selection of the method of extract used for spray drying, spray drying conditions were set. Independent variables included the additive contents of maltodextrin (X1), inlet temperature (X2), and air flow rate (X3). The dependent variables were yield, water absorption index (WAI) and total phenolic compounds. Results The yield was highest in 100 °C heat water extraction. The content of rutin was 29.77 mg/100 g in 90 °C heat water extraction, 28.07 mg/100 g in 100 °C heat water extraction and 24.24 mg/100 g in 10% ethanol extraction. The heat water extraction method at 100 °C was selected as an extract of the spray dryer. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly affected all the responses. A maximum yield was obtained at 15.55% of X1, 167.87 °C of X2 and 50.00 mL/min of X3. The water absorption index of asparagus increased with increasing MD ratio (X1), higher inlet temperature (X2) and higher air flow rate (X3). The total polyphenol contents of asparagus were higher when the MD addition ratio (X1) was 16.56%, the inlet temperature (X2) was higher and the air flow rate (X3) was higher. Conclusions In this study, extracts of asparagus using different extraction methods were compared for yield and spray-dried asparagus powders were investigated for their physicochemical characteristics. We were vary the range of the temperature, air flow rate, dextrin rate and set the best method for the functionality content of asparagus. Asparagus was spray - dried using 100 °C water extraction with high yield and high rutin content. The maximum spray drying yield was obtained at 15.55% of MD ratio, 167.87 °C of inlet temperature and 50.00 mL/min of air flow rate. There will be additional processed goods development made with what we have found. Funding Sources This study was supported by 2018 Regional Specialized Technology Development Project, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Epitaxial Growth of 2 inch 3C-SiC on Si Substrates by Atmospheric Hot Wall CVD

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-815-j5.18 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 815 ◽

Author(s):

Jiliang Zhu ◽

Yi Chen ◽

Yusuke Mukai ◽

Akira Shoji ◽

Taro Nishiguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Flow Direction ◽

High Mobility ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Optical Pyrometer ◽

Great Promise ◽

Flow Profile ◽

Uniform Thickness ◽

Si Substrates

AbstractAs a high mobility, wide bandgap semiconductor, 3C-SiC has great promise. In this paper, we examined to obtain 3C-SiC epilayer on Si substrates using hot-wall CVD furnace and report the use of hexamethyledisilane (HMDS) and propane as reaction gases to grow uniform thickness on 2 inch (100), (111), (110) and (211) orientation of Si substrates. A horizontal atmospheric pressure CVD reactor was used. A reaction zone was specially designed. To obtain uniform thickness of the epilayer, inside of the suscceptor hole was intentionally tapered along flow direction as follows; inlet of the square hole is 13 mm × 60 mm and outlet of the hole is 7 mm × 60 mm, and laminar channel for changing the gas flow profile was managed. The susceptor was surrounded by graphite foam. Temperature of the suscepotor was measured at inside wall of the susceptor by optical pyrometer. H2 flow rate for etching was 3 slm. An initial carbonization procedure was performed using 0.9 sccm propane at 1250 oC for 2-3 minutes. During the growth of SiC at 1300 °C, the flow rate of HMDS was 0.75-1.2 sccm and the flow rate of propane was 0.1 – 0.5 sccm. The hydrogen carrier gas flow rate was 3-10 slm. Typical growth rate was 4.5 micron /h. Uniform thick 3C-SiC was obtained. The samples were examined using ultra violet light spectrometer and RHEED.

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EFFECT OF CROSS-LINKING ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY PROPERTIES OF POTATO STARCH

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2017-01-237 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 463 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hyemi Heo ◽

Yun-Kyung Lee ◽

Yoon Hyuk Chang

Keyword(s):

Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽

Potato Starch ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Cross Linking ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Crystalline Region ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Swelling Factor

The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and in vitro digestibility properties of potato starch cross-linked using sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)/ sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). These properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, analysis of the swelling factor and light transmittance, and in vitro digestibility tests for rapid digestible starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that cross-linking with STMP/STPP occurred primarily in the amorphous regions and did not change the crystalline region of the potato starch granules. The swelling factor and light transmittance of the cross-linked potato starch (CLPS) was significantly lower than that of the native potato starch (NPS). The in vitro digestibility results showed that cross-linking with STMP/STPP decreased the RDS contents significantly and increased the RS contents significantly compared with those of NPS. The RS contents of potato starch increased significantly with the increasing degree of crosslinking. Potato starch cross-linked using STMP/STPP can be used a source of dietary fiber in the food industry.

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Preservation of Vitamin C and Phenolic Compounds from Umbu (Spondias Tuberosa Arr. Cam.) via Spray Drying

10.20944/preprints202008.0052.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thais Muniz ◽

Hanndson Araujo ◽

Eudeson G. Paiva Santos ◽

Iara Bezerra de Oliveira ◽

Maria Elita Duarte Martins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spray Drying ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Polynomial Equation ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Chemical Degradation ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Nutrient Density

Umbu is a tropical fruit with high content of bioactive compounds. However, maturation causes significant losses on nutrient density reducing the nutritional value of this highly appreciated fruit. Thus, the objective of the present work was to encapsulate the Umbu fruit bioactive compounds using spray drying and identify the variables affecting the biomolecules preservation. A Box-Behnken experimental design with 3 factors was set varying inlet temperature, atomization flow rate, and maltodextrin concentration for process otimization. Then the powder physicochemical and chemical properties were characterized, and results were modeled using a polynomial equation. Results revealed that the droplet size and maltodextrin concentration had a significant influence on the conservation of the biomolecules. Drying kinetics favoring fast formation of a particle crust increases encapsulation efficiency. Bioactive compounds retention was achieved by increasing maltodextrin even at high temperatures, where a matrix is formed hindering chemical degradation. Process optimization was validated and revealed low inlet temperatures (122ºC), high atomization flow rate (5kg/h) and high maltodextrin concentration (20%) to be the most desirable conditions for bioactive compounds retention.

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Survival of Spray-Dried Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Isolated from Natural Microbiota of Murta Berries and Antagonistic Effect on Botrytis cinerea

Food Technology and Biotechnology ◽

10.17113/ftb.57.02.19.6139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 222-229

Author(s):

Alexandra González-Esparza ◽

Kong S. Ah-Hen ◽

Osvaldo Montenegro ◽

Erika Briceño ◽

Joaquín Stevenson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Grey Mould ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa ◽

Natural Microbiota

The aim of this study is to evaluate the survival rate and effective antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea, responsible for grey mould on harvested fruits and vegetables, of yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, isolated and identified from the natural microbiota of murta (Chilean guava) berries, after spray drying at different inlet air temperatures, mass per volume ratio of encapsulating agent (maltodextrin) and feed flow rates. The 100 % survival of the yeast was obtained after spray drying with 18 % maltodextrin at 130 °C inlet temperature and a feed flow rate of 9.25 mL/min. The dried yeast obtained under such conditions had the highest antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo on apples, which showed that spray drying is a valid method to produce active dried cells of R. mucilaginosa that can be used for biocontrol of grey mould spoilage. It was also found that the encapsulating agent maltodextrin improved the in vitro antagonistic activity of R. mucilaginosa.

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Process Optimization and Upscaling of Spray-Dried Drug-Amino acid Co-Amorphous Formulations

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics11010024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 24 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Georgia Kasten ◽

Íris Duarte ◽

Maria Paisana ◽

Korbinian Löbmann ◽

Thomas Rades ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

High Yield ◽

Outlet Temperature ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Drying Chamber

The feasibility of upscaling the formulation of co-amorphous indomethacin-lysine from lab-scale to pilot-scale spray drying was investigated. A 22 full factorial design of experiments (DoE) was employed at lab scale. The atomization gas flow rate (Fatom, from 0.5 to 1.4 kg/h) and outlet temperature (Tout, from 55 to 75 °C) were chosen as the critical process parameters. The obtained amorphization, glass transition temperature, bulk density, yield, and particle size distribution were chosen as the critical quality attributes. In general, the model showed low Fatom and high Tout to be beneficial for the desired product characteristics (a co-amorphous formulation with a low bulk density, high yield, and small particle size). In addition, only a low Fatom and high Tout led to the desired complete co-amorphization, while a minor residual crystallinity was observed with the other combinations of Fatom and Tout. Finally, upscaling to a pilot scale spray dryer was carried out based on the DoE results; however, the drying gas flow rate and the feed flow rate were adjusted to account for the different drying chamber geometries. An increased likelihood to achieve complete amorphization, because of the extended drying chamber, and hence an increased residence time of the droplets in the drying gas, was found in the pilot scale, confirming the feasibility of upscaling spray drying as a production technique for co-amorphous systems.

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