scholarly journals Flame Retardation of Natural Rubber: Strategy and Recent Progress

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Wan ◽  
Cong Deng ◽  
Ze-Yong Zhao ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Yu-Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Additive Type ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Halogen Free

Natural rubber (NR) as a kind of commercial polymer or engineering elastomer is widely used in tires, dampers, suspension elements, etc., because of its unique overall performance. For some NR products, their work environment is extremely harsh, facing a serious fire safety challenge. Accordingly, it is important and necessary to endow NR with flame retardancy via different strategies. Until now, different methods have been used to improve the flame retardancy of NR, mainly including intrinsic flame retardation through the incorporation of some flame-retarding units into polymer chains and additive-type flame retardation via adding some halogen or halogen-free flame retardants into NR matrix. For them, the synergistic flame-retarding action is usually applied to simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, in which some synergistic flame retardants such as organo-montmorillonite (OMMT), carbon materials, halloysite nanotube (HNT), etc., are utilized to achieve the above-mentioned aim. The used flame-retarding units in polymer chains for intrinsic flame retardation mainly include phosphorus-containing small molecules, an unsaturated chemical bonds-containing structure, a cross-linking structure, etc.; flame retardants in additive-type flame retardation contain organic and inorganic flame retardants, such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and so on. Concerning the flame retardation of NR, great progress has been made in the past work. To achieve the comprehensive understanding for the strategy and recent progress in the flame retardation of NR, we thoroughly analyze and discuss the past and current flame-retardant strategies and the obtained progress in the flame-retarding NR field in this review, and a brief prospect for the flame retardation of NR is also presented.

scholarly journals A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 30943-30954
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Yu-xuan Xu ◽  
Shi-bin Nie ◽  
Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

scholarly journals Novel sulfonate-containing halogen-free flame-retardants: effect of ternary and quaternary sulfonates centered on adamantane on the properties of polycarbonate composites

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (62) ◽  
pp. 39270-39278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Yu Zhu ◽  
Jian Wei Guo ◽  
Jia Xing Xian ◽  
Shu Qin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Halogen Free

Two efficient sulfonate flame retardants based on adamantane endow PC composites with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical property.

The Effects of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Additives in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
A.I.H.Dayang Habibah ◽  
Abd Rahim Ruhida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free

Legislation on fire safety requirements especially in the USA and UK has been the driving force behind the use of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) in recent years. The present study describes the effect of inorganic fillers, namely aluminium hydroxides (ATH) on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in order to increase its flame retardant capability. Two different types of ATH, a standard type Apyral 60 CD (ATH 60) and a submicron sized Apyral 200 SM (ATH 200) were used. The flame-retardant ENR composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94V, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The finer particles size (ATH 200) as expected produced better flame retardant properties (measured by LOI) compared to ATH 60; however, the difference between the values is marginal. It was also observed that a combination of 100 pphr ATH 200 and 60 pphr ATH 60 gave the highest LOI value (29.4%) in ENR compounds. The compound was V0 rated in UL-94V burn test. Even at the higher loading, it was also found that the compound exhibited lower viscosity indicating its easier processability.

scholarly journals Green Sorbitol- and Isosorbide-Based Flame Retardants for Cotton Fabrics

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6375
Author(s):  
David De Smet ◽  
Madeleine Wéry ◽  
Miriam Bader ◽  
Ines Stachel ◽  
Michael Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Biobased Products ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Afterglow Time ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Textile Sector

Flame retardancy is often required in various textile applications. Halogenated flame retardants (FR) are commonly used since they have good FR performance. Several of these components are listed under REACH. Halogen-free FR compounds have been developed as alternatives. So far, not many biobased FR have made it to the market and are being applied in the textile sector, leaving great opportunities since biobased products are experiencing a renaissance. In this study, renewable FR based on sorbitol and isosorbide were synthesised. The reaction was performed in the melt. The resulting biobased FR were characterised via FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Cotton fabrics functionalized with the developed biobased FR passed ISO 15025 FR test. After washing, the FR properties of the fabrics decreased (longer afterflame and afterglow time) but still complied with ISO 15025, indicating the biobased FR were semi-permanent. The amount of residue of modified sorbitol and isosorbide measured at 600°C in air was 31% and 27%, respectively. Cotton treated with biobased modified FR showed no ignition during cone calorimetry experiments, indicating a flame retardancy. Furthermore, a charring of the FR containing samples was observed by means of cone calorimetry and TGA measurements.

scholarly journals Flame retardation performances of phosphorus-containing compounds in unsaturated polyester

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Huyen Thi Thu Nguyen ◽  
Linh Thi Thuy Pham ◽  
Quy Thi Dong Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphite ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Aluminium hydrogen phosphite (AHP) was synthesized in order to investigate their flame retarding performances for unsaturated polyester (UP). AHP and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) flame retardants were studied to increase fire resistance and thermal stability of materials. UL 94HB rating is achieved at 15 wt% AHP - 15 wt% TPP loading. Sample with 30 wt% loading of AHP has the burning rate slower than that of neat UP. The incorporation of FR increases the flame retardant properties as well as the amounts of charred residues protecting the mixture from further degradation. This assertion can be accepted when observing that the char yield of UP/FR mixtures at 500-650 oC is much higher than that of neat UP. The char layer may limit the amount of fuel available and insulate the underlying polymer from the flame and, thus, make further degradation more difficult.

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