scholarly journals Polyurethane Composite Scaffolds Modified with the Mixture of Gelatin and Hydroxyapatite Characterized by Improved Calcium Deposition

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Iga Carayon ◽  
Paweł Szarlej ◽  
Marcin Łapiński ◽  
Justyna Kucińska-Lipka

The skeleton is a crucial element of the motion system in the human body, whose main function is to support and protect the soft tissues. Furthermore, the elements of the skeleton act as a storage place for minerals and participate in the production of red blood cells. The bone tissue includes the craniomaxillofacial bones, ribs, and spine. There are abundant reports in the literature indicating that the amount of treatments related to bone fractures increases year by year. Nowadays, the regeneration of the bone tissue is performed by using autografts or allografts, but this treatment method possesses a few disadvantages. Therefore, new and promising methods of bone tissue regeneration are constantly being sought. They often include the implantation of tissue scaffolds, which exhibit proper mechanical and osteoconductive properties. In this paper, the preparation of polyurethane (PUR) scaffolds modified by gelatin as the reinforcing factor and hydroxyapatite as the bioactive agent was described. The unmodified and modified scaffolds were tested for their mechanical properties; morphological assessments using optical microscopy were also conducted, as was the ability for calcification using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Moreover, each type of scaffold was subjected to a degradation process in 5M NaOH and 2M HCl aqueous solutions. It was noticed that the best properties promoting the calcium phosphate deposition were obtained for scaffolds modified with 2% gelatin solution containing 5% of hydroxyapatite.

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 360-366
Author(s):  
М.У. Байдарбеков ◽  
А.А. Нурахметов ◽  
К.Т. Оспанов ◽  
А.С. Кожаков

В данной статье мы провели обзор литературы по проблеме лечения нарушений репаративной регенерации костной ткани длинных трубчатых костей. Широкий спектр существующих методик оперативного лечения псевдоартрозов длинных трубчатых костей до настоящего времени не решил проблемы регенеративной способности костных структур. Применение открытых хирургических методов связано с дополнительной травматизацией мягких тканей, сосудов поврежденной конечности и возможными осложнениями, что является их недостатком. В развитии клеточных технологий в лечении нарушений репаративной регенерации костной ткани решающую роль сыграло внедрение альтернативных методов замещения дефекта костной ткани для стимуляции регенерации кости, но недостатки различных костно-пластических материалов и имплантатов побуждают исследователей к поиску новых методов костной пластики и заменителей костных трансплантатов. В настоящее время основным направлением является разработка и внедрение в практику композитных биоматериалов с остеогенными и остеоиндуктивными свойствами, в состав которых входят стволовые или остеопрогениторные клетки человека, а также факторы роста. В связи с этим, в области тканевой инженерии активно проводятся исследования, направленные на создание остеоиндуктивных биоматериалов нового поколения, основанных на применении костных морфогенетических рекомбинантных белков, которые были одобрены, и в настоящее время уже применяются в клинической практике для восстановления несрастающихся переломов. Однако, несмотря на высокую эффективность рекомбинантных белков, до сих пор существуют некоторые проблемы, связанные с их клиническим применением. В первую очередь, это связано с коротким периодом жизни рекомбинантных белков. Введенные в участок повреждения белки теряют свою биологическую активность за короткий период времени и поэтому для того, чтобы добиться терапевтического эффекта в клинической практике используют большие дозы рекомбинантных белков. In this article, we reviewed literature on the treatment of bone repair disorders in the long tubular bones. A wide range of existing methods of long tubular bones pseudarthrosis surgical treatment has not yet solved the problem of the regenerative capacity of bone structures. The use of open surgical methods is associated with additional trauma to the soft tissues, vessels of the injured limb and possible complications, which is their disadvantage. The introduction of alternative methods of bone tissue defect replacement to stimulate bone regeneration played a decisive role in the development of cellular technologies in the treatment of disorders of reparative bone tissue regeneration, but the shortcomings of various osteoplastic materials and implants prompt researchers to search for new methods of bone grafting and bone transplant substitutes. Currently, the main direction is the development and implementation into practice of composite biomaterials with osteogenic and osteoinductive properties, which include human stem or osteoprogenitor cells, as well as growth factors. In this regard, in the field of tissue engineering, research is being actively pursued to create a new generation of osteoinductive biomaterials based on the use of bone morphogenetic recombinant proteins, which have been approved and are currently already being used in clinical practice for the restoration of nonuniting fractures. However, despite the high efficacy of recombinant proteins, there are still some clinical problems associated with their use. This is primarily due to the short lifetime of recombinant proteins. The proteins introduced into the site of injury lose their biological activity in a short period of time, and therefore, in order to achieve a therapeutic effect in clinical practice, large doses of recombinant proteins are used.


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Jae Woon Lim ◽  
Kyoung-Je Jang ◽  
Hyunmok Son ◽  
Sangbae Park ◽  
Jae Eun Kim ◽  
...  

Post-surgery failure of dental implants due to alveolar bone loss is currently critical, disturbing the quality of life of senior dental patients. To overcome this problem, bioceramic or bone graft material is loaded into the defect. However, connective tissue invasion instead of osteogenic tissue limits bone tissue regeneration. The guided bone regeneration concept was adapted to solve this problem and still has room for improvements, such as biochemical similarity or oriented structure. In this article, an aligned electrospun-guided bone regeneration barrier with xenograft equine bone-derived nano hydroxyapatite (EBNH-RB) was fabricated by electrospinning EBNH/PCL solution on high-speed rotating drum collector and fiber characterization, viability and differentiation enhancing properties of mesenchymal dental pulp stem cell on the barrier was determined. EBNH-RB showed biochemical and structural similarity to natural bone tissue electron microscopy image analysis and x-ray diffractometer analysis, and had a significantly better effect in promoting osteogenesis based on the increased bioceramic content by promoting cell viability, calcium deposition and osteogenic marker expression, suggesting that they can be successfully applied to regenerate alveolar bone as a guided bone regeneration barrier.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2402
Author(s):  
Du Nie ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Guang Li ◽  
Junhong Jin ◽  
Shenglin Yang ◽  
...  

To improve the bone regeneration ability of pure polymer, varieties of bioactive components were incorporated to a biomolecular scaffold with different structures. In this study, polysilsesquioxane (POSS), pearl powder and dexamethasone loaded porous carbon nanofibers (DEX@PCNFs) were incorporated into polylactic (PLA) nanofibrous scaffold via electrospinning for the application of bone tissue regeneration. The morphology observation showed that the nanofibers were well formed through electrospinning process. The mineralization test of incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF) revealed that POSS incorporated scaffold obtained faster hydroxyapatite depositing ability than pristine PLA nanofibers. Importantly, benefitting from the bioactive components of pearl powder like bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured on the composite scaffold presented higher proliferation rate. In addition, by further incorporating with DEX@PCNFs, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level and calcium deposition were a little higher based on pearl powder. Consequently, the novel POSS, pearl powder and DEX@PCNFs multi-incorporated PLA nanofibrous scaffold can provide better ability to enhance the biocompatibility and accelerate osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which has potential applications in bone tissue regeneration.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 4896
Author(s):  
Sara G. Pedrero ◽  
Pilar Llamas-Sillero ◽  
Juana Serrano-López

Millions of patients suffer yearly from bone fractures and disorders such as osteoporosis or cancer, which constitute the most common causes of severe long-term pain and physical disabilities. The intrinsic capacity of bone to repair the damaged bone allows normal healing of most small bone injuries. However, larger bone defects or more complex diseases require additional stimulation to fully heal. In this context, the traditional routes to address bone disorders present several associated drawbacks concerning their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Thus, alternative therapies become necessary to overcome these limitations. In recent decades, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary strategy to mimic environments specifically designed to facilitate bone tissue regeneration. Approaches developed to date aim at three essential factors: osteoconductive scaffolds, osteoinduction through growth factors, and cells with osteogenic capability. This review addresses the biological basis of bone and its remodeling process, providing an overview of the bone tissue engineering strategies developed to date and describing the mechanisms that underlie cell–biomaterial interactions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 838-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalina Icriverzi ◽  
Valentina Dinca ◽  
Magdalena Moisei ◽  
Robert W. Evans ◽  
Mihaela Trif ◽  
...  

: Among the multiple properties exhibited by lactoferrin (Lf), its involvement in bone regeneration processes is of great interest at the present time. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the ability of Lf to promote survival, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells and to inhibit bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts. Although the mechanism underlying the action of Lf in bone cells is still not fully elucidated, it has been shown that its mode of action leading to the survival of osteoblasts is complemented by its mitogenic effect. Activation of several signalling pathways and gene expression, in an LRPdependent or independent manner, has been identified. Unlike the effects on osteoblasts, the action on osteoclasts is different, with Lf leading to a total arrest of osteoclastogenesis. : Due to the positive effect of Lf on osteoblasts, the potential use of Lf alone or in combination with different biologically active compounds in bone tissue regeneration and the treatment of bone diseases is of great interest. Since the bioavailability of Lf in vivo is poor, a nanotechnology- based strategy to improve the biological properties of Lf was developed. The investigated formulations include incorporation of Lf into collagen membranes, gelatin hydrogel, liposomes, loading onto nanofibers, porous microspheres, or coating onto silica/titan based implants. Lf has also been coupled with other biologically active compounds such as biomimetic hydroxyapatite, in order to improve the efficacy of biomaterials used in the regulation of bone homeostasis. : This review aims to provide an up-to-date review of research on the involvement of Lf in bone growth and healing and on its use as a potential therapeutic factor in bone tissue regeneration.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Naujokat ◽  
Klaas Loger ◽  
Juliane Schulz ◽  
Yahya Açil ◽  
Jörg Wiltfang

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate two different vascularized bone flap scaffolds and the impact of two barrier membranes for the reconstruction of critical-size bone defects. Materials & methods: 3D-printed scaffolds of biodegradable calcium phosphate and bioinert titanium were loaded with rhBMP-2 bone marrow aspirate, wrapped by a collagen membrane or a periosteum transplant and implanted into the greater omentum of miniature pigs. Results: Histological evaluation demonstrated significant bone formation within the first 8 weeks in both scaffolds. The periosteum transplant led to enhanced bone formation and a homogenous distribution in the scaffolds. The omentum tissue grew out a robust vascular supply. Conclusion: Endocultivation using 3D-printed scaffolds in the greater omentum is a very promising approach in defect-specific bone tissue regeneration.


2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (25) ◽  
pp. 899-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A Wood ◽  
Y Yang ◽  
E Baas ◽  
D.O Meredith ◽  
R.G Richards ◽  
...  

A number of bone tissue engineering strategies use porous three-dimensional scaffolds in combination with bioreactor regimes. The ability to understand cell behaviour relative to strain profile will allow for the effects of mechanical conditioning in bone tissue engineering to be realized and optimized. We have designed a model system to investigate the effects of strain profile on bone cell behaviour. This simplified model has been designed with a view to providing insight into the types of strain distribution occurring across a single pore of a scaffold subjected to perfusion–compression conditioning. Local strains were calculated at the surface of the pore model using finite-element analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used in secondary electron mode to identify cell morphology within the pore relative to local strains, while backscattered electron detection in combination with X-ray microanalysis was used to identify calcium deposition. Morphology was altered according to the level of strain experienced by bone cells, where cells subjected to compressive strains (up to 0.61%) appeared extremely rounded while those experiencing zero and tensile strain (up to 0.81%) were well spread. Osteoid mineralization was similarly shown to be dose dependent with respect to substrate strain within the pore model, with the highest level of calcium deposition identified in the intermediate zones of tension/compression.


Author(s):  
Bipin Gaihre ◽  
Xifeng Liu ◽  
Linli Li ◽  
A. Lee Miller ◽  
Emily T. Camilleri ◽  
...  

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