scholarly journals Improving the Electrochemical Performance and Stability of Polypyrrole by Polymerizing Ionic Liquids

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arko Kesküla ◽  
Ivo Heinmaa ◽  
Tarmo Tamm ◽  
Nihan Aydemir ◽  
Jadranka Travas-Sejdic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Ionic Polymer ◽  
Carbonate Solutions ◽  
Capacity Current ◽  
One Step ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Conductive Properties

Polypyrrole (PPy) based electroactive materials are important building blocks for the development of flexible electronics, bio-sensors and actuator devices. As the properties and behavior of PPy depends strongly on the operating environment—electrolyte, solvent, etc., it is desirable to plant immobile ionic species into PPy films to ensure stable response. A premade ionic polymer is not optimal in many cases, as it enforces its own structure on the conducting polymer, therefore, polymerization during fabrication is preferred. Pyrrole (Py) was electropolymerized at low temperature together with a polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL) monomer in a one-step polymerization, to form a stable film on the working electrode. The structure and morphology of the PPyPIL films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopy results confirmed the successful polymerization of Py to PPy and PIL monomer to PIL. The presence of (TFSI–) anions that balance the charge in PPyPIL was confirmed by EDX analysis. The electrical properties of PPyPIL in lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) aqueous and propylene carbonate solutions were examined with cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry. The blend of PPyPIL had mixed electronic/ionic conductive properties that were strongly influenced by the solvent. In aqueous electrolyte, the electrical conductivity was 30 times lower and the diffusion coefficient 1.5 times higher than in the organic electrolyte. Importantly, the capacity, current density, and charge density were found to stay consistent, independent of the choice of solvent.

Study on the Buying Motives and Prospects for Small Car Users in Hosur City

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Priya N ◽  
A Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Consumer Orientation ◽  
One Step ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The City

Liberalization in 1991. The availability of many alternatives within the city provides an opportunity to the consumers to make a rational decision after considering all the options. Today is an era which is characterized by a consumer’s market where the manufacturers and marketers not only take into consideration the consumer orientation to make them satisfied but goes one step ahead of achieving. Consumer delight. Consumers look for those differentiating parameters, which may help them to make the best decision and can be proved as value to money proposition for them. It makes more important to analyze the consumer perceptions and behavior of the passenger car owners which will give the feedback pertaining to designing the marketing strategies. The objective of this paper is to investigate those differentiating parameter and effect of the reference group that influences the consumer buying behavior of car owners within the city of Hosur.The primary data was collected from 191 respondents, located Hosur in using convenience sampling .The results revealed the strong influence of attributes like price, fuel efficiency in buying decision and importance of reference group.

scholarly journals Fundamental functional differences between gyri and sulci: implications for brain function, cognition, and behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Xi Jiang ◽  
Tuo Zhang ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Keith M Kendrick ◽  
Tianming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Folding of the cerebral cortex is a prominent characteristic of mammalian brains. Alterations or deficits in cortical folding are strongly correlated with abnormal brain function, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, a precise mapping between the anatomy and function of the brain is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain structural architecture in both health and diseases. Gyri and sulci, the standard nomenclature for cortical anatomy, serve as building blocks to make up complex folding patterns, providing a window to decipher cortical anatomy and its relation with brain functions. Huge efforts have been devoted to this research topic from a variety of disciplines including genetics, cell biology, anatomy, neuroimaging, and neurology, as well as involving computational approaches based on machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. However, despite increasing progress, our understanding of the functional anatomy of gyro-sulcal patterns is still in its infancy. In this review, we present the current state of this field and provide our perspectives of the methodologies and conclusions concerning functional differentiation between gyri and sulci, as well as the supporting information from genetic, cell biology, and brain structure research. In particular, we will further present a proposed framework for attempting to interpret the dynamic mechanisms of the functional interplay between gyri and sulci. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of anatomo-functional relationships in the cortical gyro-sulcal system together with a consideration of how these contribute to brain function, cognition, and behavior, as well as to mental disorders.

scholarly journals Constructing Large 2D Lattices Out of DNA-Tiles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1502
Author(s):  
Johannes M. Parikka ◽  
Karolina Sokołowska ◽  
Nemanja Markešević ◽  
J. Jussi Toppari
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Dna Tiles ◽  
One Step ◽  
Solid Liquid

The predictable nature of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) interactions enables assembly of DNA into almost any arbitrary shape with programmable features of nanometer precision. The recent progress of DNA nanotechnology has allowed production of an even wider gamut of possible shapes with high-yield and error-free assembly processes. Most of these structures are, however, limited in size to a nanometer scale. To overcome this limitation, a plethora of studies has been carried out to form larger structures using DNA assemblies as building blocks or tiles. Therefore, DNA tiles have become one of the most widely used building blocks for engineering large, intricate structures with nanometer precision. To create even larger assemblies with highly organized patterns, scientists have developed a variety of structural design principles and assembly methods. This review first summarizes currently available DNA tile toolboxes and the basic principles of lattice formation and hierarchical self-assembly using DNA tiles. Special emphasis is given to the forces involved in the assembly process in liquid-liquid and at solid-liquid interfaces, and how to master them to reach the optimum balance between the involved interactions for successful self-assembly. In addition, we focus on the recent approaches that have shown great potential for the controlled immobilization and positioning of DNA nanostructures on different surfaces. The ability to position DNA objects in a controllable manner on technologically relevant surfaces is one step forward towards the integration of DNA-based materials into nanoelectronic and sensor devices.

scholarly journals Selective enhancement of object representations through multisensory integration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Tovar ◽  
Micah M. Murray ◽  
Mark T. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Living Objects ◽  
Selective Enhancement ◽  
The Brain

AbstractObjects are the fundamental building blocks of how we create a representation of the external world. One major distinction amongst objects is between those that are animate versus inanimate. Many objects are specified by more than a single sense, yet the nature by which multisensory objects are represented by the brain remains poorly understood. Using representational similarity analysis of human EEG signals, we show enhanced encoding of audiovisual objects when compared to their corresponding visual and auditory objects. Surprisingly, we discovered the often-found processing advantages for animate objects was not evident in a multisensory context due to greater neural enhancement of inanimate objects—the more weakly encoded objects under unisensory conditions. Further analysis showed that the selective enhancement of inanimate audiovisual objects corresponded with an increase in shared representations across brain areas, suggesting that neural enhancement was mediated by multisensory integration. Moreover, a distance-to-bound analysis provided critical links between neural findings and behavior. Improvements in neural decoding at the individual exemplar level for audiovisual inanimate objects predicted reaction time differences between multisensory and unisensory presentations during a go/no-go animate categorization task. Interestingly, links between neural activity and behavioral measures were most prominent 100 to 200ms and 350 to 500ms after stimulus presentation, corresponding to time periods associated with sensory evidence accumulation and decision-making, respectively. Collectively, these findings provide key insights into a fundamental process the brain uses to maximize information it captures across sensory systems to perform object recognition.Significance StatementOur world is filled with an ever-changing milieu of sensory information that we are able to seamlessly transform into meaningful perceptual experience. We accomplish this feat by combining different features from our senses to construct objects. However, despite the fact that our senses do not work in isolation but rather in concert with each other, little is known about how the brain combines the senses together to form object representations. Here, we used EEG and machine learning to study how the brain processes auditory, visual, and audiovisual objects. Surprisingly, we found that non-living objects, the objects which were more difficult to process with one sense alone, benefited the most from engaging multiple senses.

Model Reduction in Structural Analysis Using a Multiresolution Analysis

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarsanam Chellappa ◽  
Alejandro R. Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Multiresolution Analysis ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Elastic Systems ◽  
Principal Application ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Scale Properties ◽  
And Behavior

A method is presented to reduce the size of models used in analysis of elastic systems. The reduction is accomplished using a multiresolution analysis applied to elasticity operators to average fine scale properties and behavior while limiting loss of information. In discretized form, the method results in smaller matrices that can be used as building blocks to construct larger systems. The principal application envisioned is in design problems involving complex structural systems, such as crash-worthiness design, where very intensive computations demand computational efficiency.

Are We Ready to investigate Cognitive Function of Fetal Brain? The Role of Advanced Four-dimensional Sonography

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Salihagic Kadic ◽  
Lara Spalldi Barisic
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
4D Ultrasound ◽  
And Behavior

ABATRACT Human brain is fascinating organ in so many ways. Some of its cognitive functions, such as ability to learn, memorize, think, percept different sensations, such as pain, to have emotion, process audio-visual inputs, and to coordinate reaction and movements have been subjects of studies for many years. Yet, till recently, we could only make assumptions about prenatal activities, interactions and its construction of complex structures in the time frame of antenatal life. With the prenatal assessment (sonoembryology, neurosonoembryology, KANET test, etc.) by latest advanced HDlive, Silhouette and Flow 3D/4D imaging there is possibility to follow in continuity normal structural and functional development from the early beginnings of “life” and on the other hand consider what might be different (not necessarily abnormal) and deviate from normal development and behavior. On this way, we are able to supplement knowledge of fundamental building blocks of development of fetal cognitive functions, to pay more attention and follow up fetuses at higher risk and finally find some of the possible origins of cognitive dysfunctions which may manifest in childhood or later in life.82 With the introduction of different 3D/4D ultrasound modes we have ability to observe all of this in vivo while emerging, and make “time-lapse” of fetal neurodevelopment and behavior in correlation to its cognitive functional development How to cite this article Kurjak A, Spalldi Barisic L, Stanojevic M, Salihagic Kadic A, Porovic S. Are We Ready to investigate Cognitive Function of Fetal Brain? The Role of Advanced Fourdimensional Sonography. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):116-124.

Transition-metal-catalyzed multicomponent coupling reactions with imines and carbon monoxide

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Quesnel ◽  
Bruce A. Arndtsen
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Coupling Reactions ◽  
Metal Catalysis ◽  
Heterocyclic Derivatives ◽  
One Step ◽  
Multicomponent Coupling Reactions ◽  
Metal Catalyzed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Multicomponent Coupling

Multicomponent coupling reactions provide a method to combine several substrates in a single reaction. When coupled with transition-metal catalysis, these reactions can be used to both activate and control the assembly of multiple simple building blocks directly into useful products. This account will describe our work in this area, with a focus on the use of palladium catalysis as a tool to couple imines and CO with other substrates into a range of heterocyclic derivatives in one-step reactions.

The ultimate step towards a tailored engineering of core@shell and core@shell@shell nanoparticles

Nanoscale ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 13483-13486 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Llamosa ◽  
M. Ruano ◽  
L. Martínez ◽  
A. Mayoral ◽  
E. Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Shell Nanoparticles ◽  
The Core ◽  
One Step ◽  
Step Generation ◽  
The One

Core@shell and core@shell@shell nanoparticles are building blocks for more sophisticated systems and a plethora of applications. The one-step generation of such complex nanoparticles is reported where the atoms of the core and shell can be easily inverted, avoiding intrinsic constraints of chemical methods.

ChemInform Abstract: One-Step Protection-Free Synthesis of 3-Aryl-5-hydroxyalkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as Building Blocks.

ChemInform ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. W. Neves Filho ◽  
Diana C. B. da Silva-Alves ◽  
Janaina V. dos Anjos ◽  
Rajendra M. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
One Step
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