scholarly journals Electrical Conductivity Performance of Predicted Modified Fibre Contact Model for Multi-Filler Polymer Composite

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan ◽  
Abu Bakar Sulong ◽  
David Hui ◽  
Anil Verma
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Compression Pressure ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Predicted Model

Polymer composites have been extensively fabricated given that they are well-fitted for a variety of applications, especially concerning their mechanical properties. However, inadequate outcomes, mainly regarding their electrical performance, have limited their significant potential. Hence, this study proposed the use of multiple fillers, with different geometries, in order to improve the electrical conductivity of a polymer composite. The fabricated composite was mixed, using the ball milling method, before being compressed by a hot press machine at 3 MPa for 10 min. The composite plate was then measured for both its in-plane and through-plane conductivities, which were 3.3 S/cm, and 0.79 S/cm, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental data were then verified using a predicted electrical conductivity model, known as a modified fibre contact model, which considered the manufacturing process, including the shear rate and flow rate. The study indicated that the predicted model had a significant trend and value, compared to the experimental model (0.65 S/cm for sample S1). The resultant fabricated composite materials were found to possess an excellent network formation, and good electrical conductivity for bipolar plate application, when applying compression pressure of 3 MPa for 10 min.

scholarly journals Influence the Fillers Orientation: A Short Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan ◽  
Abu Bakar Sulong ◽  
Mahendra Rao Somalu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Materials Used

Bipolar plates significantly contribute in the development of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells technology due to their ability to produce high electrical conductivity based on type of materials used. Mismatching of inappropriate materials and manufacture may lead to the inferior performance of PEM fuel cells. Hence, material development was determined crucial to balance the overall performance of PEM fuels including the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the materials. Studies on conductive polymer composites (CPCs) offered filler orientation as an alternative method to enhance the overall performance of bipolar plate. Filler orientations permit an excellent conductivity network formation while controlling the filler alignment based on required applications. This paper reviewed various studies of filler orientations including materials used and methods of manufacture of CPC materials for the effective development of bipolar plate.

Electrical properties of extruded milled carbon fibre and polypropylene

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (22) ◽  
pp. 3187-3195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan ◽  
Abu Bakar Sulong ◽  
Mahendra Rao Somalu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Conductive Polymer Composites ◽  
Effective Media

A milled carbon fibre and polypropylene polymer composite at high filler loading was developed to produce conductive polymer composites for high conductive applications. Current research of conductive polymer composite material has reported about in-plane conductivity that was often higher than through-plane conductivity, which contradicted with the target of applications that required higher electrical conductivity in the through-plane direction. Therefore, electrical conductivity in parallel and transverse to extrusion directions were investigated. The general-effective media and modified fibre contact model were adapted to predict the electrical conductivity of the composite material. The experimental conductivity data of polypropylene/milled carbon fibre composites for transverse and parallel directions were not correlated with the general-effective media model with 2.009 and 0.663 S/cm, respectively, at the highest filler loading of 80 wt.%. This disagreement was due to various critical exponential, t values (2–3.25) that were obtained in this study. However, the modified fibre contact model seemed to have good agreement with the experimental data in the parallel to extrusion direction. This model was unable to predict electrical conductivity in the transverse direction due to lack of orientation occurring in that direction. The electrical conductivity increased as the filler loading increased as explained in percolation theory. Predicting the electrical conductivity of conductive polymer composites material is still in the preliminary stages where the researcher often obtains fluctuating agreement with the experimental values. Thus, contact between filler and orientation is considered as the main factor that influences the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the conductive polymer composites material.

scholarly journals Effect of Multi-Sized Graphite Filler on the Mechanical Properties and Electrical Conductivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 2025-2034
Author(s):  
Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan ◽  
Abu Bakar Sulong ◽  
Iswandi Iswandi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Composite Layer ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Exchange Membrane

This research successfully fabricated conductive polymer composites (CPCs) prepared using multiple sizes of graphite filler (40, 100, 150, and 200 µm) that provided excellent network formation within the fillers and polypropylene matrix which further improved both electrical conductivity and flexural strength. An important discussion on the fabrication technique, including compression moulding and injection moulding was conducted, to manufacture CPC materials with a thickness less than 3 mm. The findings of this study suggested that fabricating CPCs using the compression moulding technique with a graphite composition of 75 wt. % exhibited better network connectivity as the electrical conductivity increased to 15 Scm-1. Also, compared to the three sizes of graphite filler (40/100/200 µm) it resulted in 13 Scm-1, with two sizes (40/200 µm) reporting better electrical conductivity at 15 Scm-1. This demonstrated that the addition of multiple sizes was not necessarily due to agglomeration occurring. The resultant graphite composites of 40/200 µm possessed a more stable structure having a thin composite layer (2.5 mm) which promoted better electrical conductivity suitable for bipolar plate used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Properties of Epoxy/Carbon Black/Graphite Composites for Bipolar Plate in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

2014 ◽  
Vol 911 ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Suherman ◽  
J. Sahari ◽  
A.B. Sulong ◽  
S. Astuti ◽  
E. Septe
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Steel Mold ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Internal Mixer ◽  
Graphite Composites

Epoxy resin (EP) composites including carbon black (CB) and graphite (G) were produced and investigate. The in-plane electrical conductivity of EP/CB/G composites was measured. Various weight percentages (wt.%) of CB as a secondary filler and G as a primary filler were added into the EP as a matrix. Dispersion of CB and G within matrix were conducted by an internal mixer (Haake Reomix). Mixture of EP/CB/G was poured into the steel mold, and produced through hot press machine. In-plane electrical conductivity of EP/CB/G composites in terms of variation of CB and G concentration were measured by the Jandel multi high four point probe. The highest in-plane electrical conductivity of the EP/CB/G composites obtained was 120 S/cm. This value exceeds the requirement of U.S Department of Energy (DOE) target for bipolar plate application (> 100 S/cm).

The Effects of Compression Pressure Applied on the Manufacture of Carbon Composite Bipolar Plate for PEMFC by Utilizing Graphite Waste Products

2011 ◽  
Vol 421 ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunita Sadeli ◽  
Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono ◽  
Bambang Prihandoko ◽  
Sri Harjanto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Bipolar Plates ◽  
Waste Products

Proton electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have near zero carbon dioxide and hazardous pollutant emission. Thus, it is considered as one of energy sources for transportation and other application which can improve environmental performance by decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases and other air pollutant. In accordance with its environmental preservation values, graphite waste product from electric arc furnace (graphite EAF) was chosen as a potential candidate material for bipolar plate for PEMFC. The utilization of graphite waste product is expected to result in light-weight and cost-effective bipolar plates. In this paper, we used graphite EAF as a filler together with carbon black and epoxy resin as a binder. We examined the effects of differential pressure applied on compression molding process on density, porosity, flexural strength and electrical conductivity of the resulting carbon polymer composite bipolar plate. Pressure was applied from 30 MPa - 60 MPa in increments of 5 MPa while maintaining constant temperature operation at 700C for 4 hours. Maximum value of bipolar plate density was achieved at application 55 MPa, of 1.69 g/cm3. At this condition, the flexural strength was measured to be 48 MPa with the porosity of 0.7%, and electrical conductivity of 1.03 S/cm. Taken together, we demonstrated that graphite EAF is a good candidate for the manufacturing of polymer composite bipolar plates.

scholarly journals Fabrication of CNT Dispersion Fluid by Wet-Jet Milling Method for Coating on Bipolar Plate of Fuel Cell

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anas Almowarai ◽  
Yutaro Ueno ◽  
Yoshiyuki Show
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Composite Film ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Ptfe Composite ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Jet Milling

Water based carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion was produced by wet-jet milling method. Commercial CNT was originally agglomerated at the particle size of less than 1 mm. The wet-jet milling process exfoliated CNTs from the agglomerates and dispersed them into water. Sedimentation of the CNTs in the dispersion fluid was not observed for more than a month. The produced CNT dispersion was characterized by the SEM and the viscometer. CNT/PTFE composite film was formed with the CNT dispersion in this study. The electrical conductivity of the composite film increased to 10 times when the CNT dispersion, which was produced by the wet-jet milling method, was used as a constituent of the film. Moreover, the composite film was applied to bipolar plate of fuel cell and increased the output power of the fuel cell to 1.3 times.

Electrical conductivity and rheological properties of carbon black based conductive polymer composites prior to and after annealing

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110012
Author(s):  
Qingsen Gao ◽  
Jingguang Liu ◽  
Xianhu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Percolation Threshold ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Electrical Percolation ◽  
Electrical Percolation Threshold

The effect of annealing on the electrical and rheological properties of polymer (poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS)) composites filled with carbon black (CB) was investigated. For a composite with CB content near the electrical percolation threshold, the formation of conductive pathways during annealing has a significant impact on electrical conductivity, complex viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus. For the annealed samples, a reduction in the electrical and rheological percolation threshold was observed. Moreover, a simple model is proposed to explain these behaviors. This finding emphasizes the differences in network formation with respect to electrical or rheological properties as both properties belong to different physical origins.

Preparation of Polymer Composite Bipolar Plate with Different Multi-Filler for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Zulkefli Selamat ◽  
Mohd Shakir Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Ahadlin Mohd Daud ◽  
Musthafa Mohd Tahir ◽  
Safaruddin Gazali Herawan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Shore Hardness ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is an alternative energy system that has been verified with great potential for high power density, durability and cost effectiveness. Since the bipolar plate is the key component in PEMFC, the component must operate with multifunction and have a balance of properties, essentially well in both electrical and mechanical properties. At present, many different materials have been tested to be applied for bipolar plate in order to fulfill the balance in each property. In this work, the different material is tested and observed. Polypropylene (PP) is used as a binder material, Graphite (Gr) is used as a main filler and Carbon Black (CB), Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) as the second filler. This composite is produced through compression molding and the effect of different filler material loading on the properties such as electrical conductivity, flexural strength, bulk density and shore hardness are observed. The result showed the increasing of electrical conductivity as the increased the CB and Fe loading. But for Ni, the result showed the decreasing of electrical conductivity as the loading of Ni has been increased. The targeted value also achieved for some certain degree of filler loading.

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