scholarly journals PbCOP1.1 Contributes to the Negative Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Pear

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wu ◽  
Min Si ◽  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Linyan Song ◽  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Protein Sequence Alignment

The synthesis of anthocyanin in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit is regulated by light. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pear fruit coloring mediated by upstream light-signaling regulators. Here, the photoresponse factors CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP) 1.1 and 1.2 were cloned from ‘Red Zaosu’ peel to study their functions in pear fruit coloring. The overexpression vectors pBI121-PbCOP1.1 and pBI121-PbCOP1.2 were constructed to analyze their effects on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit. A protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PbCOP1 proteins are highly homologous with those of other species. An analysis of tissue differential expression showed that the greatest expression levels of PbCOP1s occurred in the leaves. Their expression levels increased in the leaves during development, when the leaves changed from red to green. The overexpression of PbCOP1s in the peel resulted in reduced anthocyanin synthesis at the injection sites. A quantitative PCR analysis of the injection sites showed that PbCOP1.1 significantly inhibited the expression of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes CHI, DFR, UFGT2, bHLH3, HY5 and GST. Based on the above results, we hypothesize that PbCOP1.1 is an anthocyanin synthetic inhibitory factor of pear coloration.

scholarly journals Mapping and Identifying a Candidate Gene Plr4, a Recessive Gene Regulating Purple Leaf in Rice, by Using Bulked Segregant and Transcriptome Analysis with Next-Generation Sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Gao ◽  
Gaoxing Dai ◽  
Weiyong Zhou ◽  
Haifu Liang ◽  
Juan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Flower Organs ◽  
Purple Leaf

The anthocyanin biosynthesis of rice is a major concern due to the potential nutritional value. Purple appears in various organs and tissues of rice such as pericarp, flower organs, leaves, leaf sheaths, internodes, ligules, apex, and stigma. At present, there are many studies on the color of rice pericarp, but the gene and mechanism of other organs such as leaves are still unclear, and the gene regulatory network of specific organ coloring has not been systematically understood. In this study, genetic analysis demonstrated that the purple leaf traits of rice were regulated by a recessive gene. The green leaf cultivar Y58S and purple leaf cultivar XianHongB were used to construct the mapping population. A set of near isogenicline (NIL) (BC3F1) was bred via crossing and back-crossing. The generations of BC3F2 appeared to separate four phenotypes, pl1, pl2, pl3, and pl4, due to the occurrence of a purple color in different organs. We constructed three bulked segregant analysis (BSA) pools (pl1–pl2, pl1–pl3, and pl1–pl4) by using the separated generations of BC3F5 and mapped the purple leaf gene plr4 to the vicinity of 27.9–31.1 Mb on chromosome 4. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) for pl3 and pl2 was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the localization interval, where 12 unigenes exhibited differential expression in which two genes (Os04g0577800, Os04g0616400) were downregulated. The two downregulated genes (Os04g0577800 and Os04g0616400) are possible candidate genes because of the recessive genetic characteristics of the purple leaf genes. These results will facilitate the cloning of plr4 and illustrate the molecular mechanisms of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway.

scholarly journals Jasmonate and Ethylene-Regulated Ethylene Response Factor 22 Promotes Lanolin-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in ‘Zaosu’ Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) Fruit

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ting Wu ◽  
Han-Ting Liu ◽  
Guang-Ping Zhao ◽  
Jun-Xing Song ◽  
Xiao-Li Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Response Factor ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Erf Family ◽  
New Perspective

Anthocyanin contributes to the coloration of pear fruit and enhances plant defenses. Members of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family play vital roles in hormone and stress signaling and are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Here, PbERF22 was identified from the lanolin-induced red fruit of ‘Zaosu’ pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) using a comparative transcriptome analysis. Its expression level was up- and down-regulated by methyl jasmonate and 1-methylcyclopropene plus lanolin treatments, respectively, which indicated that PbERF22 responded to the jasmonate- and ethylene-signaling pathways. In addition, transiently overexpressed PbERF22 induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Zaosu’ fruit, and a quantitative PCR analysis further confirmed that PbERF22 facilitated the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural and regulatory genes. Moreover, a dual luciferase assay showed that PbERF22 enhanced the activation effects of PbMYB10 and PbMYB10b on the PbUFGT promoter. Therefore, PbERF22 responses to jasmonate and ethylene signals and regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis. This provides a new perspective on the correlation between jasmonate–ethylene crosstalk and anthocyanin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals MiR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p suppress migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells through targetting ZEB2

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suogang Wang ◽  
Geng Zhang ◽  
Wanxiang Zheng ◽  
Qin Xue ◽  
Di Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Invasion And Migration ◽  
And Migration

Bladder cancer (BCa) threatens human health due to the high occurrence and mortality. Nowadays, more and more researchers focussed on the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of miRNAs in human cancers. The present study aims to study the biological role of miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p in BCa. The expression levels of miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p were detected in BCa tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR analysis. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that the expression levels of miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p were positively correlated with the overall survival (OS) rate of BCa patients. Gain-of-function assays were conducted to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p on the invasion, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BCa cells. Mechanically, ZEB2 was found to be a target of both miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p. Rescue assays revealed that ZEB2 reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p on the invasion and migration of BCa cell lines. In summary, miR-454-3p and miR-374b-5p negatively regulated invasion and migration of BCa cell lines via targetting ZEB2.

scholarly journals Differential expressions of anthocyanin synthesis genes underlie flower color divergence in a sympatric Rhododendron sanguineum complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Jiang Ye ◽  
Michael Mӧller ◽  
Ya-Huang Luo ◽  
Jia-Yun Zou ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Flower Color Polymorphism

Abstract Background The Rhododendron sanguineum complex is endemic to alpine mountains of northwest Yunnan and southeast Tibet of China. Varieties in this complex exhibit distinct flower colors even at the bud stage. However, the underlying molecular regulations for the flower color variation have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated this via measuring flower reflectance profiles and comparative transcriptome analyses on three coexisting varieties of the R. sanguineum complex, with yellow flush pink, bright crimson, and deep blackish crimson flowers respectively. We compared the expression levels of differentially-expressed-genes (DEGs) of the anthocyanin / flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data. We performed clustering analysis based on transcriptome-derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) data, and finally analyzed the promoter architecture of DEGs. Results Reflectance spectra of the three color morphs varied distinctively in the range between 400 and 700 nm, with distinct differences in saturation, brightness, hue, and saturation/hue ratio, an indirect measurement of anthocyanin content. We identified 15,164 orthogroups that were shared among the three varieties. The SNP clustering analysis indicated that the varieties were not monophyletic. A total of 40 paralogous genes encoding 12 enzymes contributed to the flower color polymorphism. These anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were associated with synthesis, modification and transportation properties (RsCHS, RsCHI, RsF3H, RsF3′H, RsFLS, RsANS, RsAT, RsOMT, RsGST), as well as genes involved in catabolism and degradation (RsBGLU, RsPER, RsCAD). Variations in sequence and cis-acting elements of these genes might correlate with the anthocyanin accumulation, thus may contribute to the divergence of flower color in the R. sanguineum complex. Conclusions Our results suggested that the varieties are very closely related and flower color variations in the R. sanguineum complex correlate tightly with the differential expression levels of genes involved in the anabolic and catabolic synthesis network of anthocyanin. Our study provides a scenario involving intricate relationships between genetic mechanisms for floral coloration accompanied by gene flow among the varieties that may represent an early case of pollinator-mediated incipient sympatric speciation.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutation reveals a role for AN4 rather than DPL in regulating venation formation in the corolla tube of Petunia hybrida

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Xiaojing Xu ◽  
Renwei Huang ◽  
Sha Yang ◽  
Mingyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Targeted Mutation ◽  
R2r3 Myb ◽  
Ornamental Traits

AbstractVenation is a common anthocyanin pattern displayed in flowers that confers important ornamental traits to plants. An anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB transcription factor, DPL, has been proposed to regulate corolla tube venation in petunia plants. Here, however, we provide evidence redefining the role of DPL in petunia. A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of DPL resulted in the absence of the vein-associated anthocyanin pattern above the abaxial surface of the flower bud, but not corolla tube venation, thus indicating that DPL did not regulate the formation of corolla tube venation. Alternately, quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the spatiotemporal expression pattern of another R2R3-MYB gene, AN4, coincided with the formation of corolla tube venation in petunia. Furthermore, overexpression of AN4 promoted anthocyanin accumulation by increasing the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of AN4 led to an absence of corolla tube venation, suggesting that this gene in fact determines this key plant trait. Taken together, the results presented here redefine the prime regulator of corolla tube venation, paving the way for further studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the various venation patterns in petunia.

scholarly journals The Light-Induced WD40-Repeat Transcription Factor DcTTG1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Dendrobium candidum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Jia ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Yajuan Wang ◽  
Wei Ye ◽  
Jiameng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Wd40 Repeat ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Dendrobium Candidum

Dendrobium candidum is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and as a raw material in functional foods. D. candidum stems are green or red, and red stems are richer in anthocyanins. Light is an important environmental factor that induces anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully unraveled. In this study, we exposed D. candidum seedlings to two different light intensities and found that strong light increased the anthocyanin content and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Through transcriptome profiling and expression analysis, we identified a WD40-repeat transcription factor, DcTTG1, whose expression is induced by light. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that DcTTG1 binds to the promoters of DcCHS2, DcCHI, DcF3H, and DcF3′H, and a transient GUS activity assay indicated that DcTTG1 can induce their expression. In addition, DcTTG1 complemented the anthocyanin deficiency phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana ttg1-13 mutant. Collectively, our results suggest that light promotes anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum seedlings via the upregulation of DcTTG1, which induces anthocyanin synthesis-related gene expression.

scholarly journals Study on cyanidin metabolism in petals of pink-flowered strawberry based on transcriptome sequencing and metabolite analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xue ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Yang Zheng ◽  
Hai-Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Significant Differential Expression

Abstract Background Pink-flowered strawberry is a promising new ornamental flower derived from intergeneric hybridization (Fragaria × Potentilla) with bright color, a prolonged flowering period and edible fruits. Its flower color ranges from light pink to red. Pigment compounds accumulated in its fruits were the same as in cultivated strawberry fruits, but different from that in its flowers. However, the transcriptional events underlying the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway have not been fully characterized in petal coloration. To gain insights into the regulatory networks related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and identify the key genes, we performed an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome in petals of pink-flowered strawberry. Results The main pigments of red and dark pink petals were anthocyanins, among which cyanidins were the main compound. There were no anthocyanins detected in the white-flowered hybrids. A total of 50,285 non-redundant unigenes were obtained from the transcriptome databases involved in red petals of pink-flowered strawberry cultivar Sijihong at three development stages. Amongst the unigenes found to show significant differential expression, 57 were associated with anthocyanin or other flavonoid biosynthesis, in which they were regulated by 241 differentially expressed members of transcription factor families, such as 40 MYBs, 47 bHLHs, and 41 NACs. Based on a comprehensive analysis relating pigment compounds to gene expression profiles, the mechanism of flower coloration was examined in pink-flowered strawberry. A new hypothesis was proposed to explain the lack of color phenotype of the white-flowered strawberry hybrids based on the transcriptome analysis. The expression patterns of FpDFR and FpANS genes corresponded to the accumulation patterns of cyanidin contents in pink-flowered strawberry hybrids with different shades of pink. Moreover, FpANS, FpBZ1 and FpUGT75C1 genes were the major factors that led to the absence of anthocyanins in the white petals of pink-flowered strawberry hybrids. Meanwhile, the competitive effect of FpFLS and FpDFR genes might further inhibit anthocyanin synthesis. Conclusions The data presented herein are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the petal pigmentation and will be powerful for integrating novel potential target genes to breed valuable pink-flowered strawberry cultivars.

scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Rothenberg ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Meiban Chen ◽  
Wenting Zhang ◽  
Lingyun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway

Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic dynamics changes related to anthocyanin accumulation in the fleshy roots of carmine radish (Raphanus sativus L.) characterized using RNA-Seq

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10978
Author(s):  
Xia Song ◽  
Jian Gao ◽  
Hua Peng
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
Dynamic Growth

Carmine radish is famous for containing a natural red pigment (red radish pigment). However, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes during the dynamic development stages of the fleshy roots in carmine radish has not been fully investigated. Here, based on HPLC quantification of anthocyanin levels from our previous study, young fleshy roots of the carmine radish “Hongxin 1” obtained at the dynamic development stages of fleshy roots (seedling stage (SS), initial expansion (IE), full expansion (FE), bolting stage (BS), initial flowering stage (IFS), full bloom stage (FBS) and podding stage (PS)) were used for RNA-Seq. Approximately 126 comodulated DEGs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis (common DEGs in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish) were identified, from which most DEGs appeared to be likely to participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, including two transcription factors, RsMYB and RsRZFP. In addition, some related proteins, e.g., RsCHS, RsDFR, RsANS, RsF′3H, RsF3GGT1, Rs3AT1, RsGSTF12, RsUFGT78D2 and RsUDGT-75C1, were found as candidate contributors to the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in the fleshy roots of carmine radish. In addition, 11 putative DEGs related to anthocyanin synthesis were evaluated by qRT-PCR via the (2-ΔΔCT) method; the Pearson correlation analysis indicated excellent concordance between the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis showed that “anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process” and “anthocyanin-containing compound metabolic process” were commonly overrepresented in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots after the initial expansion stage. Moreover, five significantly enriched pathways were identified among the DEGs in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish, namely, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, these results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fleshy roots of carmine radish and the putative candidate genes involved in this process.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis identified genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Rainbow bamboo (Indosasa hispida MeClure cv. ‘Rainbow’)

Plant Omics ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
YuMing Yang ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Yuan XiaoLong
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Dihydroflavonol Reductase ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Function

Rainbow bamboo (Indosasa hispida) is an ornamental plant, which contains unique red to purple anthocyanin in its culm. However, the biosynthesis and function of anthocyanin in bamboo remains unclear. In this study, RNA-seq was used to investigate the transcriptome of the species and compare the gene expression profiles of red and white culms. The expression levels of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were detected using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In total, 5.92 billion reads were obtained from the culm of Rainbow bamboo, which were assembled into 60,716 unigenes. qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes in the red and white culms were higher than that in green leaves and that their levels in the red culm without sheath were higher than that in the white culm with sheath. Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR showed that the differences in the expression of genes encoding chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), and anthocyanidin 3-O-glycosyltransferase (A3GT) between the culm and leaf were significant. This implies that CHI, DFR, F3'H, and A3GT play important roles in anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in the culm of Rainbow bamboo.

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