scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Rothenberg ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Meiban Chen ◽  
Wenting Zhang ◽  
Lingyun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway

Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Different Carrot Genotypes and Tissues

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geng Meng ◽  
Sabine K. Clausen ◽  
Søren K. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
The Individual

Black carrots are characterized by a significant amount of anthocyanins, which are not only a good source of natural food colorant, but can also provide many health benefits to humans. In the present work, taproots of different carrot genotypes were used to identify the candidate genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, with particular a focus on R2R3MYB, bHLH transcription factors, and glutathione S-transferase gene (GST). The RNA-sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) showed that DcMYB6 and DcMYB7 had a genotypic dependent expression and they are likely involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. They were specifically upregulated in solid black taproots, including both black phloem and xylem. DcbHLH3 (LOC108204485) was upregulated in all black samples compared with the orange ones. We also found that GST1 (LOC108205254) might be an important anthocyanin transporter, and its upregulated expression resulted in the increasing of vacuolar anthocyanin accumulation in black samples. Moreover, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to identify the individual anthocyanin in the purple tissues of two carrot cultivars. The results showed that five main anthocyanin compounds and the most abundant anthocyanin were the same in different tissues, while the second-highest anthocyanin between three tissues was different, even in the same cultivar. In conclusion, this study combined anthocyanin profiles and comparative transcriptomic analysis to identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrots, thus providing a better foundation for improving anthocyanin accumulation in carrots as a source of colorants.

Relationship between Flower Development, Anthocyanin Accumulation and Activity o f Enzymes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Matthiola incana R. Br

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Dangelmayr ◽  
G. Stotz ◽  
R. Spribille ◽  
G. Forkmann
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Matthiola Incana ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Morphological Criteria

The activity of five enzymes concerning anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as the anthocyanin accumulation were studied during the development of buds and flowers of Matthiola incana. The investigations included the first three enzymes in the anthocyanin pathway, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and flavanone 3-hydroxylase, and the flavonoid-modifying enzymes, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. The bud and flower development was subdivided into eight stages with respect to morphological criteria. On a fresh weight basis, a substantial correlation between anthocyanin content and the activities of all of the five enzymes were found in the various developmental stages. Furthermore, the anthocyanins formed are obviously not or only less subject to degradation. Although all maxima of activity proved to be in buds, clear differences were observed between the five enzymes with regard to increase and stage of maximum activity. The isolation of other enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is likely to be most successful in the bud stages.

scholarly journals The Light-Induced WD40-Repeat Transcription Factor DcTTG1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Dendrobium candidum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Jia ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Yajuan Wang ◽  
Wei Ye ◽  
Jiameng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Wd40 Repeat ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Dendrobium Candidum

Dendrobium candidum is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and as a raw material in functional foods. D. candidum stems are green or red, and red stems are richer in anthocyanins. Light is an important environmental factor that induces anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully unraveled. In this study, we exposed D. candidum seedlings to two different light intensities and found that strong light increased the anthocyanin content and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Through transcriptome profiling and expression analysis, we identified a WD40-repeat transcription factor, DcTTG1, whose expression is induced by light. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that DcTTG1 binds to the promoters of DcCHS2, DcCHI, DcF3H, and DcF3′H, and a transient GUS activity assay indicated that DcTTG1 can induce their expression. In addition, DcTTG1 complemented the anthocyanin deficiency phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana ttg1-13 mutant. Collectively, our results suggest that light promotes anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum seedlings via the upregulation of DcTTG1, which induces anthocyanin synthesis-related gene expression.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Apple Calli With a Focus on the Key Genes for ALA-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Longbo Liu ◽  
Huihui Tao ◽  
Yuyan An ◽  
Liangju Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Metabolism Regulation ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
R2r3 Myb

The red color is an attractive trait of fruit and determines its market acceptance. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), an eco-friendly plant growth regulator, has played a universal role in plant secondary metabolism regulation, particularly in flavonoid biosynthesis. It has been widely reported that ALA can up-regulate expression levels of several structural genes related to flavonoid metabolism and anthocyanin accumulation. However, the molecular mechanisms behind ALA-induced expression of these genes are complicated and still far from being completely understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941) pathway was significantly enhanced in the ALA-treated apple calli at 24, 48, and 72 h after the treatment. Expression pattern revealed that ALA up-regulated the expression of the structural genes related to not only anthocyanin biosynthesis (MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3’H, MdDFR, MdANS, and MdUFGT) but also anthocyanin transport (MdGST and MdMATE). Two R2R3-MYB transcription factors (MdMYB10 and MdMYB9), which are the known positive regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis, were significantly induced by ALA. Gene overexpression and RNA interference assays demonstrated that MdMYB10 and MdMYB9 were involved in ALA-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, MdMYB10 and MdMYB9 might positively regulate the transcription of MdMATE8 by binding to the promoter region. These results indicate that MdMYB10 and MdMYB9 modulated structural gene expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport in response to ALA-mediated apple calli coloration at the transcript level. We herein provide new details regarding transcriptional regulation of ALA-induced color development.

Higher anthocyanin accumulation associated with higher transcription levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in spinach

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Cai ◽  
Lihao Lin ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Chenxi Xu ◽  
Quanhua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Genes Encoding

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely cultivated as an economically important green leafy vegetable crop for fresh and processing consumption. The red–purple spinach shows abundant anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf and leaf petiole. However, the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in this species are still undetermined. In the present study, we investigated pigment formation and identified anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in spinach. We also analyzed the expression of these genes in purple and green cultivars by quantitative PCR. The accumulation of anthocyanin showed that it was the dominant pigment resulting in the red coloration in spinach. In total, 22 biosynthesis genes and 25 regulatory genes were identified in spinach, based on the spinach genomic and transcriptomic database. Furthermore, the expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes indicated that SoPAL, SoUFGT3, and SoUFGT4 were possible candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red–purple spinach. The expression patterns of transcription factors indicated that two SoMYB genes, three SobHLH genes, and one SoWD40 gene were drastically up-regulated and co-expression in red–purple spinach, suggesting an essential role of regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis of spinach. These results will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple spinach.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic profiling of purple broccoli reveals light-induced anthocyanin biosynthetic signaling and structural genes

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunqing Liu ◽  
Xueqin Yao ◽  
Guangqing Li ◽  
Lei Huang ◽  
Zhujie Xie
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Digital Gene Expression ◽  
Flower Head ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Rna Sequences

Purple Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) attracts growing attention as a functional food. Its purple coloration is due to high anthocyanin amounts. Light represents a critical parameter affecting anthocyanins biosynthesis. In this study, ‘Purple Broccoli’, a light-responding pigmentation cultivar, was assessed for exploring the mechanism underlying light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis by RNA-Seq. Cyanidin, delphinidin and malvidin derivatives were detected in broccoli head samples. Shading assays and RNA-seq analysis identified the flower head as more critical organ compared with leaves. Anthocyanin levels were assessed at 0, 7 and 11 days, respectively, with further valuation by RNA-seq under head-shading and light conditions. RNA sequences were de novo assembled into 50,329 unigenes, of which 38,701 were annotated against four public protein databases. Cluster analysis demonstrated that anthocyanin/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis in cluster 8 were the main metabolic pathways regulated by light and had showed associations with flower head growth. A total of 2,400 unigenes showed differential expression between the light and head-shading groups in cluster 8, including 650 co-expressed, 373 specifically expressed under shading conditions and 1,377 specifically expressed under normal light. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis demonstrated that light perception and the signal transducers CRY3 and HY5 may control anthocyanin accumulation. Following shading, 15 structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were downregulated, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H and DFR. Moreover, six BoMYB genes (BoMYB6-1, BoMYB6-2, BoMYB6-3, BoMYB6-4, BoMYBL2-1 and BoMYBL2-2) and three BobHLH genes (BoTT8_5-1, BoTT8_5-2 and BoEGL5-3) were critical transcription factors controlling anthocyanin accumulation under light conditions. Based on these data, a light-associated anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in Broccoli was proposed. This information could help improve broccoli properties, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning light-associated anthocyanin production in purple vegetables.

scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Acer mandshuricum to Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

Abstract The red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in leaf color change periods in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin bio-synthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

scholarly journals PbCOP1.1 Contributes to the Negative Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Pear

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wu ◽  
Min Si ◽  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Linyan Song ◽  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Protein Sequence Alignment

The synthesis of anthocyanin in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit is regulated by light. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pear fruit coloring mediated by upstream light-signaling regulators. Here, the photoresponse factors CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP) 1.1 and 1.2 were cloned from ‘Red Zaosu’ peel to study their functions in pear fruit coloring. The overexpression vectors pBI121-PbCOP1.1 and pBI121-PbCOP1.2 were constructed to analyze their effects on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit. A protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PbCOP1 proteins are highly homologous with those of other species. An analysis of tissue differential expression showed that the greatest expression levels of PbCOP1s occurred in the leaves. Their expression levels increased in the leaves during development, when the leaves changed from red to green. The overexpression of PbCOP1s in the peel resulted in reduced anthocyanin synthesis at the injection sites. A quantitative PCR analysis of the injection sites showed that PbCOP1.1 significantly inhibited the expression of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes CHI, DFR, UFGT2, bHLH3, HY5 and GST. Based on the above results, we hypothesize that PbCOP1.1 is an anthocyanin synthetic inhibitory factor of pear coloration.

CBFs Function in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis by Interacting with MYB113 in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhou ◽  
Yongjun He ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Huoying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
R2r3 Myb ◽  
Dependent Pathway ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
R2r3 Myb Transcription Factors

Abstract Eggplant is rich in anthocyanins. R2R3-MYB transcription factors play a key role in the anthocyanin pathway. Low temperature is vital abiotic stress that affects the anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. CBFs (C-repeat binding factors) act as central regulators in cold response. In this study, we found that SmCBF1, SmCBF2 and SmCBF3, via their C-terminal, physically interacted with SmMYB113, a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant. SmCBF2 and SmCBF3 upregulated the expression of SmCHS and SmDFR via a SmMYB113-dependent pathway. In addition, the transient expression assays demonstrated that co-infiltrating SmCBFs and SmMYB113 significantly improved the contents of anthocyanin and the expression levels of anthocyanin structural genes in tobacco. When SmTT8, a bHLH partner of SmMYB113, coexpressed with SmCBFs and SmMYB113, the anthocyanin contents were significantly enhanced compared with SmCBFs and SmMYB113. Furthermore, overexpression of SmCBF2 and SmCBF3 could facilitate the anthocyanin accumulation under cold conditions in Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results shed light on the functions of SmCBFs and potential mechanisms of low-temperature-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant.

scholarly journals Mapping and Identifying a Candidate Gene Plr4, a Recessive Gene Regulating Purple Leaf in Rice, by Using Bulked Segregant and Transcriptome Analysis with Next-Generation Sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Gao ◽  
Gaoxing Dai ◽  
Weiyong Zhou ◽  
Haifu Liang ◽  
Juan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Flower Organs ◽  
Purple Leaf

The anthocyanin biosynthesis of rice is a major concern due to the potential nutritional value. Purple appears in various organs and tissues of rice such as pericarp, flower organs, leaves, leaf sheaths, internodes, ligules, apex, and stigma. At present, there are many studies on the color of rice pericarp, but the gene and mechanism of other organs such as leaves are still unclear, and the gene regulatory network of specific organ coloring has not been systematically understood. In this study, genetic analysis demonstrated that the purple leaf traits of rice were regulated by a recessive gene. The green leaf cultivar Y58S and purple leaf cultivar XianHongB were used to construct the mapping population. A set of near isogenicline (NIL) (BC3F1) was bred via crossing and back-crossing. The generations of BC3F2 appeared to separate four phenotypes, pl1, pl2, pl3, and pl4, due to the occurrence of a purple color in different organs. We constructed three bulked segregant analysis (BSA) pools (pl1–pl2, pl1–pl3, and pl1–pl4) by using the separated generations of BC3F5 and mapped the purple leaf gene plr4 to the vicinity of 27.9–31.1 Mb on chromosome 4. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) for pl3 and pl2 was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the localization interval, where 12 unigenes exhibited differential expression in which two genes (Os04g0577800, Os04g0616400) were downregulated. The two downregulated genes (Os04g0577800 and Os04g0616400) are possible candidate genes because of the recessive genetic characteristics of the purple leaf genes. These results will facilitate the cloning of plr4 and illustrate the molecular mechanisms of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway.

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