scholarly journals Multiple Pathways in the Control of the Shade Avoidance Response

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Sessa ◽  
Monica Carabelli ◽  
Marco Possenti ◽  
Giorgio Morelli ◽  
Ida Ruberti
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Molecular Description ◽  
New Strategies

To detect the presence of neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants have evolved the ability to perceive and integrate multiple signals. Among them, changes in light quality and quantity are central to elicit and regulate the shade avoidance response. Here, we describe recent progresses in the comprehension of the signaling mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance response, focusing on Arabidopsis, because most of our knowledge derives from studies conducted on this model plant. Shade avoidance is an adaptive response that results in phenotypes with a high relative fitness in individual plants growing within dense vegetation. However, it affects the growth, development, and yield of crops, and the design of new strategies aimed at attenuating shade avoidance at defined developmental stages and/or in specific organs in high-density crop plantings is a major challenge for the future. For this reason, in this review, we also report on recent advances in the molecular description of the shade avoidance response in crops, such as maize and tomato, and discuss their similarities and differences with Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Multiple Pathways in the Control of the Shade Avoidance Response

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Sessa ◽  
Monica Carabelli ◽  
Marco Possenti ◽  
Giorgio Morelli ◽  
Ida Ruberti
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Molecular Description ◽  
New Strategies

Plants have evolved two opposing strategies in response to competition for light: shade tolerance and shade avoidance. To detect the presence of neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants have evolved the ability to perceive and integrate multiple signals. Among them, changes in light quality and quantity are central to elicit and regulate the shade avoidance response. Here, we describe recent advances in the understanding of photoperception and downstream signaling mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance response, focusing on Arabidopsis because most of our knowledge derives from studies conducted in this model plant. Shade avoidance is an adaptive response, resulting in phenotypes with high relative fitness in natural dense communities. However, it contributes to reduction in crop plant productivity, and the design of new strategies aimed at attenuating shade avoidance in a stage- and/or organ- specific manner in high-density crop plantings is a major challenge for the future. For this reason, in this review, we also report on recent advances in the molecular description of the shade avoidance response in crops, such as maize and tomato, and discuss similarity and differences with Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Multiple Pathways in the Control of the Shade Avoidance Response

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Sessa ◽  
Monica Carabelli ◽  
Marco Possenti ◽  
Giorgio Morelli ◽  
Ida Ruberti
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Molecular Description ◽  
New Strategies

Plants have evolved two opposing strategies in response to competition for light: shade tolerance and shade avoidance. To detect the presence of neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants have evolved the ability to perceive and integrate multiple signals. Among them, changes in light quality and quantity are central to elicit and regulate the shade avoidance response. Here, we describe recent advances in the understanding of photoperception and downstream signaling mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance response, focusing on Arabidopsis because most of our knowledge derives from studies conducted in this model plant. Shade avoidance is an adaptive response, resulting in phenotypes with high relative fitness in natural dense communities. However, it contributes to reduction in crop plant productivity, and the design of new strategies aimed at attenuating shade avoidance in a stage- and/or organ- specific manner in high-density crop plantings is a major challenge for the future. For this reason, in this review, we also report on recent advances in the molecular description of the shade avoidance response in crops, such as maize and tomato, and discuss similarity and differences with Arabidopsis.

Shade Avoidance Influences Stress Tolerance in Maize

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Page ◽  
Weidong Liu ◽  
Diego Cerrudo ◽  
Elizabeth A. Lee ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
The Impact

Previous studies have suggested that the reduction in the root/shoot ratio that accompanies the shade avoidance response may reduce the tolerance of individuals to subsequent nutrient or moisture limitations. In this work, we examined the impact of the shade avoidance response on maize seedling growth and development and the response of these plants to a subsequent abiotic stress. Seedlings were grown in a field fertigation system under two light quality environments, ambient and a low red to far-red ratio, which were designed to simulate weed-free and weedy conditions, respectively. This system also enabled the controlled restriction of water and nutrients, which reduced the relative growth rate of the crop and created a secondary stress. Results of this study indicate that, while the shade avoidance response did reduce the root/shoot ratio in maize, this effect did not reduce plant tolerance to subsequent abiotic stress. Rather, the apparent additivity or synergism of shade avoidance and the secondary stressor on yield loss depended on whether the net effect of these two stressors was sufficiently large to shift the population toward the point where reproductive allometry was broken.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Shade-Avoidance Response in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ciolfi ◽  
Giovanna Sessa ◽  
Massimiliano Sassi ◽  
Marco Possenti ◽  
Samanta Salvucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Shade Avoidance

scholarly journals Genetic mapping of natural variation in a shade avoidance response: ELF3 is the candidate gene for a QTL in hypocotyl growth regulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Paula Coluccio ◽  
Sabrina E. Sanchez ◽  
Luciana Kasulin ◽  
Marcelo J. Yanovsky ◽  
Javier F. Botto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth

Changes in the responses to light quality during ontogeny in Chenopodium album

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Fabio Causin ◽  
Renata D Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Avoidance Responses

Morphological shade-avoidance responses have been hypothesized to be a form of adaptive plasticity to improve competition for light; however, little is known about their intraspecific variability and their effect on reproductive fitness. To compare plant responses either at a common age or at a common phenological stage, two experiments were conducted with early- and late-flowering Chenopodium album plants exposed to different red (660 nm) to far red (730 nm) ratios. In the first experiment, plant height and number of leaves were recorded at several times during the vegetative stage, and at the onset of flowering, each plant was harvested and other growth traits were measured. In the second experiment, three destructive harvests were performed across the whole plant cycle. Plant growth and development markedly differed between early- and late-flowering plants in all of the conditions tested. Light treatments significantly affected stem length, total leaf number, total leaf area, and relative allocation to leaf biomass. In all families, the response of stem elongation to light treatments decreased later in the development, while changes in the other plastic responses were mostly due to variations in plant growth. No significant treatment effect was found on relative biomass allocation to reproductive structures. However, individual seed mass significantly differed between certain groups, indicating that light quality can affect reproductive fitness through changes in traits other than fruit or seed set.Key words: Chenopodium album, fitness, intraspecific variability, phenotypic plasticity, red to far red ratio, shade-avoidance responses.

Growth, development and allometry of Philophthalmus nocturnus in the eyes of domestic chicks

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. M. Swarnakumari ◽  
R. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Two Phases

ABSTRACTFifty day-old chicks were each infected with 10 excysted metaccreariae of Philophthalimus nocturnus Looss. 1907 around each orbit and growth, development and allometry were studied. The growth rate showed two phases over a period of 35 days, a limited lag phase lasting two days post-infection in which flukes did not exceed 440 μm in length, and a rapid phase during which growth was rapid and flukes reached a size of 3·008–3·504 mm on day 35. Five developmental stages were noticed during the course of development of the metacercaria to the egg-producing adult stage. Eggs appeared in the uterus on day 14 and oculate miracidia on day 25. The hindhody, testes and ovary showed positive allometric growth, the pharnyx less so, whereas negative allometric growth was shown by the forebody. Body width, oral sucker and ventral sucker were close to isometry, growing at the same rate as the body length.

Auxin Coordinates Shoot and Root Development During Shade Avoidance Response

2014 ◽  
pp. 389-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentino Ruzza ◽  
Giovanna Sessa ◽  
Massimiliano Sassi ◽  
Giorgio Morelli ◽  
Ida Ruberti
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Shade Avoidance

Maximum elongation growth promoted as a shade-avoidance response by blue light is related to deactivated phytochrome: a comparison with red light in four microgreen species

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Kong ◽  
Katherine Schiestel ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Elongation Growth ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Maximum Elongation ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Response Sensitivity

To clarify detailed patterns of responses to blue light associated with decreasing phytochrome activity, the growth and morphology traits of arugula, cabbage, mustard, and kale microgreens were compared under the treatments: (1) R, pure red light; (2) B, pure blue light; (3) BRF0, (4) BRF2, (5) BRF4, and (6) BRF6: unpure blue lights created by mixing B with low-level (6%) R, and further adding 0, 2, 4, and 6 μmol m−2 s−1 of far-red light, respectively. The calculated phytochrome photostationary state (PPS) value, indicating phytochrome activity, gradually decreased in the order of R (0.89), BRF0 (0.69), BRF2 (0.65), BRF4 (0.63), BRF6 (0.60), and B (0.50). Generally, the elongation growth (including stem extension rate, hypocotyl length, or petiole length) under blue lights increased with the decreasing PPS values, showing the highest and lowest sensitivity for arugula and mustard, respectively. However, the elongation promoted by blue lights gradually became saturated once the PPS values decreased below 0.60, a level which deactivates phytochrome. Other plant traits, such as biomass allocation and plant color, varied with increasing shade-avoidance responses to blue lights with decreasing PPS values relative to R, and these traits reached saturation at a similar PPS value as elongation. The response sensitivity was highest in elongation growth for arugula and cabbage, and highest in plant color for kale and mustard. This suggests that deactivated phytochrome contributes to the maximum elongation promotion as a shade-avoidance response induced by blue light, although the response sensitivity varies with plant traits and species.

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