scholarly journals Developments in Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Therapeutics

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzana Hossain ◽  
Peter R. Andreana
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Early Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Small Cohort ◽  
Synthetic Carbohydrate ◽  
Made In

Cancer cells of diverse origins express extracellular tumor-specific carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) because of aberrant glycosylation. Overexpressed TACAs on the surface of tumor cells are considered biomarkers for cancer detection and have always been prioritized for the development of novel carbohydrate-based anti-cancer vaccines. In recent years, progress has been made in developing synthetic, carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines to improve immune responses associated with targeting these specific antigens. Tumor cells also exhaust more energy for proliferation than normal cells, by consuming excessive amounts of glucose via overexpressed sugar binding or transporting receptors located in the cellular membrane. Furthermore, inspired by the Warburg effect, glycoconjugation strategies of anticancer drugs have gained considerable attention from the scientific community. This review highlights a small cohort of recent efforts which have been made in carbohydrate-based cancer treatments, including vaccine design and the development of glycoconjugate prodrugs, glycosidase inhibiting iminosugars, and early cancer diagnosis.

The Complex Cancer Care Coverage Environment — What is the Role of Legislation?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Leopold ◽  
Rebecca L. Haffajee ◽  
Christine Y. Lu ◽  
Anita K. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Care ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Anti Cancer

Over the past decades, anti-cancer treatments have evolved rapidly from cytotoxic chemotherapies to targeted therapies including oral targeted medications and injectable immunooncology and cell therapies. New anti-cancer medications come to markets at increasingly high prices, and health insurance coverage is crucial for patient access to these therapies. State laws are intended to facilitate insurance coverage of anti-cancer therapies.Using Massachusetts as a case study, we identified five current cancer coverage state laws and interviewed experts on their perceptions of the relevance of the laws and how well they meet the current needs of cancer care given rapid changes in therapies. Interviewees emphasized that cancer therapies, as compared to many other therapeutic areas, are unique because insurance legislation targets their coverage. They identified the oral chemotherapy parity law as contributing to increasing treatment costs in commercial insurance. For commercial insurers, coverage mandates combined with the realities of new cancer medications — including high prices and often limited evidence of efficacy at approval — compound a difficult situation. Respondents recommended policy approaches to address this challenging coverage environment, including the implementation of closed formularies, the use of cost-effectiveness studies to guide coverage decisions, and the application of value-based pricing concepts. Given the evolution of cancer therapeutics, it may be time to evaluate the benefits and challenges of cancer coverage mandates.

scholarly journals Brassicaceae-Derived Anticancer Agents: Towards a Green Approach to Beat Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Mandrich ◽  
Emilia Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Brassica Vegetables ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Domestic Processing

Cancer is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although a large variety of therapeutic approaches have been developed and translated into clinical protocols, the toxic side effects of cancer treatments negatively impact patients, allowing cancer to grow. Brassica metabolites are emerging as new weapons for anti-cancer therapeutics. The beneficial role of the consumption of brassica vegetables, the most-used vegetables in the Mediterranean diet, particularly broccoli, in the prevention of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, has been well-documented. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor effects of the bioactive compounds from Brassica vegetables with regard to the compounds and types of cancer against which they show activity, providing current knowledge on the anti-cancer effects of Brassica metabolites against major types of tumors. In addition, we discuss the impacts of industrial and domestic processing on the compounds’ functional properties before their consumption as well as the main strategies used to increase the content of health-promoting metabolites in Brassica plants through biofortification. Finally, the impacts of microbiota on the compounds’ bioactivity are considered. This information will be helpful for the further development of efficacious anti-cancer drugs.

Gold nanospheres and nanorods for anti-cancer therapy: comparative studies of fabrication, surface-decoration, and anti-cancer treatments

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (28) ◽  
pp. 14996-15020
Author(s):  
Wei Mao ◽  
Young Ju Son ◽  
Hyuk Sang Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Gold Nanospheres ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Irradiation Therapy ◽  
Surface Decoration

Various gold nanoparticles have been explored as cancer therapeutics because they can be widely engineered for use as efficient drug carriers and diagnostic agents, and in photo-irradiation therapy.

Telomerase-based Cancer Therapeutics: A Review on their Clinical Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Relitti ◽  
Akella P. Saraswati ◽  
Stefano Federico ◽  
Tuhina Khan ◽  
Margherita Brindisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Telomerase Activity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Made In

Telomeres are protective chromosomal ends that shield the chromosomes from DNA damage, exonucleolytic degradation, recombination, and end-to-end fusion. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that adds TTAGGG tandem repeats to the telomeric ends. It has been observed that 85 to 90% of human tumors express high levels of telomerase, playing a crucial role in the development of cancers. Interestingly, the telomerase activity is generally absent in normal somatic cells. This selective telomerase expression has driven scientists to develop novel anti-cancer therapeutics with high specificity and potency. Several advancements have been made in this area, which is reflected by the enormous success of the anticancer agent Imetelstat. Since the discovery of Imetelstat, several research groups have contributed to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against cancer. Such contributions include the application of new classes of small molecules, peptides, and hTERT-based immunotherapeutic agents (p540, GV1001, GRNVAC1 or combinations of these such as Vx-001). Many of these therapeutic tools are under different stages of clinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. In this review, we highlight the current status of telomerase-based cancer therapeutics and the outcome of these investigations.

scholarly journals Nano-Therapies for Glioblastoma Treatment

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphandéry
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Radical Oxygen Species ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Apoptotic Mechanism

Traditional anti-cancer treatments are inefficient against glioblastoma, which remains one of the deadliest and most aggressive cancers. Nano-drugs could help to improve this situation by enabling: (i) an increase of anti-glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) activity of chemo/gene therapeutic drugs, notably by an improved diffusion of these drugs through the blood brain barrier (BBB), (ii) the sensibilization of radio-resistant GBM tumor cells to radiotherapy, (iii) the removal by surgery of infiltrating GBM tumor cells, (iv) the restoration of an apoptotic mechanism of GBM cellular death, (v) the destruction of angiogenic blood vessels, (vi) the stimulation of anti-tumor immune cells, e.g., T cells, NK cells, and the neutralization of pro-tumoral immune cells, e.g., Treg cells, (vii) the local production of heat or radical oxygen species (ROS), and (viii) the controlled release/activation of anti-GBM drugs following the application of a stimulus. This review covers these different aspects.

scholarly journals Current detection technologies for circulating tumor cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 2038-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheyu Shen ◽  
Aiguo Wu ◽  
Xiaoyuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Circulating Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Early Cancer ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Early Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Current Detection ◽  
Detection Technologies

CTC detection can be used for early cancer diagnosis, earlier evaluation of cancer recurrence and chemotherapeutic efficacy, and choice of individual sensitive anti-cancer drugs.

scholarly journals Detection of circulating tumor cells and intervention with systemic ozone therapy hematic-route [abstract]

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Shimpuku
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Circulating Tumor Cells ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Strong Candidate

BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor cells (CTC) test have been used for detecting cancer cells in circulating blood of cancer patients and it can suggest treatment methods against their cancer. When it will be used for very early stage cancer detection even if tumor can’t be found by imaging tests like CT or PET, systemic ozone treatment hematic (SOT-h) might be a strong candidate for cancer elimination. CASE PRESENTATION: 59 years old male patient who is suffering from moderate periodontal disease (AAP grade III) and severe T2DM was checked with dental examinations and medical examinations with CTC test. The data showed that he had 12.1 CTCs/ml +/- 0.3 that is more than 2 times from cut off point 5.0 CTCs/ml. Several anti-cancer treatments were also suggested. No tumor was detected by PET. Since Nrf 2 activation and heat shock protein stimulation are recommended for treatment, SOT-h was applied in order to reduce CTCs in Imperio clinic, Japan. Because SOT-h have been shown it can activate these transcription factors and stress proteins. The patient had SOT-h for 2 times a week during 13 weeks, and then he had it for 1 time a week during another 28 weeks. The results showed that significant decrease of CTCs as 10.7/ml at 13 weeks and 6.9/ml at 41 weeks respectively. The patient didn’t have chemotherapy, but he had several supplements including ascorbic acid and curcumin in accordance with the results of CTC test. Anti-cancer effect by these natural substances can’t ignore. Because they might act for same epigenetic regulation of gene expression as SOT-h. CONCLUSION: This case shows the possibility of reducing the number of circulating tumor cells by SOT-h on very early cancer stage.

scholarly journals Anti-Cancer Role and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6303
Author(s):  
Naoomi Tominaga
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cell Cell

Cell–cell communication is an important mechanism in biological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), also referred to as exosomes, microvesicles, and prostasomes, are microvesicles secreted by a variety of cells. EVs are nanometer-scale vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer and contain biological functional molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNAs, and proteins. In this review, “EVs” is used as a comprehensive term for vesicles that are secreted from cells. EV research has been developing over the last four decades. Many studies have suggested that EVs play a crucial role in cell–cell communication. Importantly, EVs contribute to cancer malignancy mechanisms such as carcinogenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and escape from the immune system. EVs derived from cancer cells and their microenvironments are diverse, change in nature depending on the condition. As EVs are thought to be secreted into body fluids, they have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for liquid biopsy. In addition, cells can encapsulate functional molecules in EVs. Hence, the characteristics of EVs make them suitable for use in drug delivery systems and novel cancer treatments. In this review, the potential of EVs as anti-cancer therapeutics is discussed.

scholarly journals Bacterial-Based Cancer Therapy (BBCT): Recent Advances, Current Challenges, and Future Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Kajal H. Gupta ◽  
Christina Nowicki ◽  
Eileena F. Giurini ◽  
Amanda L. Marzo ◽  
Andrew Zloza
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Anti Cancer

Currently approximately 10 million people die each year due to cancer, and cancer is the cause of every sixth death worldwide. Tremendous efforts and progress have been made towards finding a cure for cancer. However, numerous challenges have been faced due to adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and alternative cancer therapies, including toxicity to non-cancerous cells, the inability of drugs to reach deep tumor tissue, and the persistent problem of increasing drug resistance in tumor cells. These challenges have increased the demand for the development of alternative approaches with greater selectivity and effectiveness against tumor cells. Cancer immunotherapy has made significant advancements towards eliminating cancer. Our understanding of cancer-directed immune responses and the mechanisms through which immune cells invade tumors have extensively helped us in the development of new therapies. Among immunotherapies, the application of bacteria and bacterial-based products has promising potential to be used as treatments that combat cancer. Bacterial targeting of tumors has been developed as a unique therapeutic option that meets the ongoing challenges of cancer treatment. In comparison with other cancer therapeutics, bacterial-based therapies have capabilities for suppressing cancer. Bacteria are known to accumulate and proliferate in the tumor microenvironment and initiate antitumor immune responses. We are currently well-informed regarding various methods by which bacteria can be manipulated by simple genetic engineering or synthetic bioengineering to induce the production of anti-cancer drugs. Further, bacterial-based cancer therapy (BBCT) can be either used as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies for better clinical outcomes. Here, we review recent advances, current challenges, and prospects of bacteria and bacterial products in the development of BBCTs.

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