scholarly journals Secondary Metabolites in Xylella fastidiosa–Plant Interaction

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Marzia Vergine ◽  
Francesca Nicolì ◽  
Erika Sabella ◽  
Alessio Aprile ◽  
Luigi De Bellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Invasive Techniques

During their evolutionary history, plants have evolved the ability to synthesize and accumulate small molecules known as secondary metabolites. These compounds are not essential in the primary cell functions but play a significant role in the plants’ adaptation to environmental changes and in overcoming stress. Their high concentrations may contribute to the resistance of the plants to the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which has recently re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance. Although it is established in several areas globally and is considered one of the most dangerous plant pathogens, no cure has been developed due to the lack of effective bactericides and the difficulties in accessing the xylem vessels where the pathogen grows and produces cell aggregates and biofilm. This review highlights the role of secondary metabolites in the defense of the main economic hosts of X. fastidiosa and identifies how knowledge about biosynthetic pathways could improve our understanding of disease resistance. In addition, current developments in non-invasive techniques and strategies of combining molecular and physiological techniques are examined, in an attempt to identify new metabolic engineering options for plant defense.

CT scan and 3D reconstructions of Pre-Dynastic child mummy 527 B* (Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of Turin)

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella Bianucci ◽  
Rosa Boano ◽  
Gino Carnazza ◽  
Rudy Lallo ◽  
Grazia Mattutino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Spiral Ct ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Thin Slices ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The University ◽  
Reconstruction Interval

Mummy 527 B* belongs to the “Giovanni Marro” Egyptian Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the University of Turin. This mummy of a oneyear- old pre-dynastic child was found in Gebelein in 1935 in a small necropolis discovered during excavations of the “Missione Archeologica Italiana” led by G. Farina, the new Director of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, with the participation of Prof. G. Marro as anthropologist. A whole body spiral CT scan with thin slices (1,00 mm thickness, 0,5 mm reconstruction interval) was followed by multiplanar and 3D reconstruction. The aim was to evaluate the child’s age at death and the presence of lethal pathologies. This study confirms the fundamental role of non-invasive techniques in the study of such rare pre-dynastic specimens.

scholarly journals Novel role of ouabain as a cystogenic factor in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (6) ◽  
pp. F797-F812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Blanco ◽  
Darren P. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Polycystic Kidney Disease ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Polycystic Kidney ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Cell Energy ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney

The classic role of the Na-K-ATPase is that of a primary active transporter that utilizes cell energy to establish and maintain transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients to preserve cell osmotic stability, support cell excitability, and drive secondary active transport. Recent studies have revealed that Na-K-ATPase located within cholesterol-containing lipid rafts serves as a receptor for cardiotonic steroids, including ouabain. Traditionally, ouabain was viewed as a toxin produced only in plants, and it was used in relatively high concentrations to experimentally block the pumping action of the Na-K-ATPase. However, the new and unexpected role of the Na-K-ATPase as a signal transducer revealed a novel facet for ouabain in the regulation of a myriad of cell functions, including cell proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis, mobility, and metabolism. The seminal discovery that ouabain is endogenously produced in mammals and circulates in plasma has fueled the interest in this endogenous molecule as a potentially important hormone in normal physiology and disease. In this article, we review the role of the Na-K-ATPase as an ion transporter in the kidney, the experimental evidence for ouabain as a circulating hormone, the function of the Na-K-ATPase as a signal transducer that mediates ouabain's effects, and novel results for ouabain-induced Na-K-ATPase signaling in cystogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

scholarly journals The role of anatomical connection strength for interareal communication in macaque cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Vezoli ◽  
Martin Vinck ◽  
Conrado A. Bosman ◽  
Andre M. Bastos ◽  
Christopher M Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Connection Strength ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anatomical Connection

What is the relationship between anatomical connection strength and rhythmic synchronization? Simultaneous recordings of 15 cortical areas in two macaque monkeys show that interareal networks are functionally organized in spatially distinct modules with specific synchronization frequencies, i.e. frequency-specific functional connectomes. We relate the functional interactions between 91 area pairs to their anatomical connection strength defined in a separate cohort of twenty six subjects. This reveals that anatomical connection strength predicts rhythmic synchronization and vice-versa, in a manner that is specific for frequency bands and for the feedforward versus feedback direction, even if interareal distances are taken into account. These results further our understanding of structure-function relationships in large-scale networks covering different modality-specific brain regions and provide strong constraints on mechanistic models of brain function. Because this approach can be adapted to non-invasive techniques, it promises to open new perspectives on the functional organization of the human brain.

scholarly journals Facial nerve injury during temporal artery biopsy

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Gunawardene ◽  
H Chant
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Temporal Artery ◽  
Temporal Artery Biopsy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Facial Nerve Injury ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
American College Of Rheumatology ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Temporal artery biopsy is considered the gold standard investigation of giant cell arteritis and is recommended in suspected cases despite a sensitivity of 81–91%. This review highlights the potential risk of facial nerve injury during temporal artery biopsy and introduces recent advances in the emerging role of imaging modalities. When these non-invasive techniques are used in conjunction with American College of Rheumatology scoring, which includes clinical features and biochemical test results, temporal artery biopsy may be avoided in selected cases.

Chronic coenurosis in sheep: spontaneous remission of clinical signs and role of CT and MRI in the diagnosis and follow-up

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001092
Author(s):  
Laura Tena ◽  
Ricardo De Miguel ◽  
Enrique Castells ◽  
Amaia Escudero ◽  
Delia Lacasta
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Ct And Mri

Coenurosis is a fatal disease caused by the larval stage of Taenia multiceps that leads to enormous economic losses in sheep production. Five ewes affected by chronic coenurosis were studied by CT and one of them by MRI. CT allowed detection, localisation and characterisation of the parasitic cyst in all evaluated animals. MRI evinced the white and grey matter damage in the areas adjacent to the coenurus. One of the affected animals recovered spontaneously, showing a shrunken and collapsed parasitic cyst surrounded by partially mineralised tissue in the CT and MRI images. These findings were confirmed at postmortem examination. In conclusion, CT and MRI are valuable non-invasive techniques that allow early diagnosis, characterisation and follow-up of ovine CNS diseases. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a spontaneous clinical remission of chronic coenurosis in small ruminants.

scholarly journals Vascular Function and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: the Role of Physical Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Metsios ◽  
Antonios Stavropoulos Kalinoglou ◽  
Aamer Sandoo ◽  
Jet J.C.S. Veldhuijzen van Zanten ◽  
Tracey E. Toms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Inflammation disturbs biochemical pathways involved in homeostasis of the endothelium. Research has established clear links between inflammatory mediators, particularly C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor alpha, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis may be subclinical at early stages, and thus the ability to detect them with non-invasive techniques is crucially important, particularly in populations at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis. This may allow the identification of interventions that may reverse these processes early on. One of the best non-pharmacological interventions that may achieve this is physical activity. This review explores the associations between inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis and discusses the role of exercise in blocking specific pathways in the inflammation, endothelial dysfunction - atherosclerosis network.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INVASIVE AND NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENTS OF HVPG IN DECISION MAKING IN PATIENTS WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326
Author(s):  
Adam Kern ◽  
Tomasz Arłukowicz ◽  
Krystian Bojko ◽  
Leszek Gromadziński ◽  
Jacek Bil
Keyword(s):  
Portal Hypertension ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Portal Pressure ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Liver Disorders ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Many researchers and clinicians have taken the value of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) as an essential prognostic factor in subjects with chronic liver disorders. And HVPG alterations characterize a predictive value in subjects at the beginning of the disease (HVPG 6 – 10 mmHg) as well as in subjects in whom hemodynamically significant portal hypertension has developed (HVPG ≥ 10 mmHg). Our review aims to present the feasibility and applicability of HVPG in modern clinical practice in patients with liver cirrhosis, including invasive and non-invasive methods. HVPG measurement is a feasible method with a favorable safety profile. However, hemodynamically significant portal hypertension also might be determined using non-invasive options as elastography, magnetic resonance imaging, and indices derived from laboratory parameters, e.g., aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio, platelet count/spleen diameter ratio, or VITRO score. Hepatic vein catheterization with the evaluation of HVPG is the current gold standard for determining portal pressure; however, new non-invasive techniques are nowadays more frequently used.

scholarly journals Role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in diagnosing pancreatobiliary pathologies: a prospective study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 2233
Author(s):  
Dakshayani S. Nirhale ◽  
Gaurav C. Kulkarni ◽  
Pravin Shingade ◽  
Shahaji Chavan ◽  
Tejas Sonawane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Pancreatic Duct ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Background: Non-invasive techniques such as ultrasound and CT scan (abdomen and pelvis) are widely used in investigations of pancreaticobiliary disease, though easily available and cheap, have limitations in term of sensitivity. Invasive procedures like ERCP, though considered gold standard for diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary disease, requires highly skilled team of supporting doctors. MR Cholangio Pancreatography (MRCP) is evolving as an effective non-invasive imaging technique for examining patients with pancreatic or biliary diseases. The purpose is to illustrate the findings of MRCP in various abnormalities affecting the pancreaticobiliary diseases. Objective was to study the role of MRCP as non-invasive imaging modality for diagnosis of pancreatobiliary diseases, in diagnosing lower biliary tract pathologies, pancreatic duct pathologies, determining treatment modality in pancreatobiliary diseases, surgical or endoscopicMethods: This is a prospective study conducted in Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune for a period of two years from July 2015 to September 2017. 60 patients were enrolled in the study, their MRCP was performed following ultrasonography.Results: The MRCP diagnosed the following pathologies- cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, CBD stricture, chronic pancreatitis, choledochal cyst, cholangiocarcinoma, pseudocyst of pancreas, sclerosing cholangitis and GB perforation. Out of 60, 32 underwent surgical procedure and 20 underwent endoscopic procedure and 8 were treated medically.Conclusions: MRCP is very accurate in diagnosing CBD and pancreatic duct pathologies. Its helps in deciding the treatment modality for the same. It decides whether the patient requires ERCP and thus cuts down the rate of ‘negative’ ERCP.

scholarly journals Transcription factor Xpp1 is a switch between primary and secondary fungal metabolism

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. E560-E569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Derntl ◽  
Bernhard Kluger ◽  
Christoph Bueschl ◽  
Rainer Schuhmacher ◽  
Robert L. Mach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Wide Range

Fungi can produce a wide range of chemical compounds via secondary metabolism. These compounds are of major interest because of their (potential) application in medicine and biotechnology and as a potential source for new therapeutic agents and drug leads. However, under laboratory conditions, most secondary metabolism genes remain silent. This circumstance is an obstacle for the production of known metabolites and the discovery of new secondary metabolites. In this study, we describe the dual role of the transcription factor Xylanase promoter binding protein 1 (Xpp1) in the regulation of both primary and secondary metabolism of Trichoderma reesei. Xpp1 was previously described as a repressor of xylanases. Here, we provide data from an RNA-sequencing analysis suggesting that Xpp1 is an activator of primary metabolism. This finding is supported by our results from a Biolog assay determining the carbon source assimilation behavior of an xpp1 deletion strain. Furthermore, the role of Xpp1 as a repressor of secondary metabolism is shown by gene expression analyses of polyketide synthases and the determination of the secondary metabolites of xpp1 deletion and overexpression strains using an untargeted metabolomics approach. The deletion of Xpp1 resulted in the enhanced secretion of secondary metabolites in terms of diversity and quantity. Homologs of Xpp1 are found among a broad range of fungi, including the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride, the plant pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Colletotrichum graminicola, the model organism Neurospora crassa, the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii, and the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea.

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