scholarly journals Correlation between Milk Bacteriology, Cytology and Mammary Tissue Histology in Cows: Cure from the Pathogen or Recovery from the Inflammation

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Leitner ◽  
Shlomo E. Blum ◽  
Oloeg Krifuks ◽  
Nir Edery ◽  
Uzi Merin
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Tissue Histology ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the current study was to verify the existence of a significant correlation between bacterial isolation (or not) and mammary gland inflammation, using traditional bacterial culturing and PCR, milk leucocytes distributions, and tissue histology. Twenty-two cows were tested at the level of the individual gland for bacteriological culture and real-time PCR (RT-PCR), milk composition, somatic cells count (SCC), and cell differentiation. Post-slaughter samples of teat-ends and mammary tissues were tested for histology and bacteriology by RT-PCR. The 88 glands were assigned to either outcome: 1. Healthy—no inflammation and no bacterial finding (NBF) (n = 33); 2. Inflammation and NBF (n = 26); 3. Inflammation and intra-mammary infection (n = 22) with different bacteria. Bacteriology of milk samples and that of the RT-PCR showed 91.4% agreement. In the lobule’s tissues of healthy glands, ~50% were milk producers and the other glands had dry areas with increased fat globules with a low number of leukocytes. In contrast, ~75% of the infected glands were identified as inflamed, but with no isolation of bacteria. Infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils into the connective tissue was observed but not in the lobule’s lumen. In summary, the study confirms that not every mastitis/inflammation is also an infection.

scholarly journals Effect of ewes entry order into milking parlour on milkability and milk composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mačuhová ◽  
V. Tančin ◽  
J. Mačuhová ◽  
M. Uhrinčať ◽  
L. Hasoňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Order Of Entry ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate how the order in which the ewes in a milking group enter the milking parlour affects their milkability and milk composition. Therefore, the order of entry into the milking parlour was evaluated in ewes of one flock (n = 353) during six evening milkings. In all, the sheep were milked in 15 milking groups. The sheep entering the milking parlour in the first milking group achieved 15 points and the sheep of each next milking group one point less, i.e. the sheep of the last group achieved 1 point. In the analysis, only the ewes with the highest and the lowest average number of points were included and assigned to the first (FG, n = 19) and the last group (LG, n = 29), respectively. After the last milking, the individual milk samples were collected from the jar to analyze the composition and somatic cell count. Machine milk yield in 30 s (0.15 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.05 l) and 60 s (0.26 ± 0.16 and 0.19 ± 0.10 l), peak flow rate (1.04 ± 0.39 and 0.77 ± 0.29 l/min), and latency time (14 ± 3 and 20 ± 13 s) significantly differed (P < 0.05) between FG and LG, respectively. Total milk yield (0.41 ± 0.17 and 0.35 ± 0.14 l) and machine milk yield (0.27 ± 0.15 and 0.22 ± 0.10 l) tended to be higher (P = 0.05 and P = 0.09) in FG than in LG, respectively. No significant differences were observed in milk composition between FG and LG. It seems that ewes which enter the milking parlour in early milking groups have better parameters of milkability than those milked in later groups.

scholarly journals Effect of the stage of lactation on milk composition, its properties and the quality of rennet curdling in East Friesian ewes

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kuchtík ◽  
K. Šustová ◽  
T. Urban ◽  
D. Zapletal
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Sheep Farm

The evaluation of the effect of the stage of lactation on milk composition, its properties and the quality of rennet curdling was carried out over the period of three successive years using milk samples (<I>n</I> = 162) obtained from a total of 27 ewes of the East Friesian (EF) breed, reared on a small sheep farm in Juřinka in the region of Wallachia. The stage of lactation had a highly significant effect on the contents of all milk components. However, only the contents of total solids (TS), solids non-fat (SNF), fat (F), protein (P) and casein (CN) gradually increased with the advancement of lactation. The stage of lactation also had a highly significant effect both on all the properties of milk and the rennet curdling quality (RCQ). All phenotypic correlations between the particular contents of TS, SNF, F, P, CN and urea nitrogen (UN) were positive and high (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.001). On the other hand, all phenotypic correlations between milk yield and particular contents of TS, SNF, F, P, CN and UN were negative and high (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.001). The majority of phenotypic correlations between rennet clotting time (RCT) and the other particular parameters was insignificant. However, the phenotypic correlations between lactose (L) and RCT and between pH and RCT were positive and high (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.001) whereas the phenotypic correlation between titratable acidity (TA) and RCT was negative and high (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.001). The majority of phenotypic correlations between the rennet curdling quality (RCQ) and the other particular parameters was insignificant. Nevertheless, the phenotypic correlations between pH and RCQ and between RCT and RCQ were positive and high (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.001) whereas the phenotypic correlation between TA and RCQ was negative and high (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.001).

scholarly journals Effect of chronic oxytocin-treatment on the bovine mammary gland immune system

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Werner-Misof ◽  
M.W. Pfaffl ◽  
H.H.D. Meyer ◽  
R.M. Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Group 6 ◽  
Cox2 Expression

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic oxytocin (OT) treatment on the mammary gland immune system. In <I>Experiment I</I> fourteen healthy cows were used to study the effect of chronic intramuscular (im) OT administration on concentration of milk somatic cells and white blood cells (WBC). Cows in the OT-group (6) were im injected with 50 IU OT (5 ml) whereas animals of the C-group (6) were im injected with 5 ml of saline (9 g/l) for eight days (Day 1–8) before each milking. Milk samples were taken during normal milking time on Day 0–3, 5, 7, 9–11 and 18. Blood samples were taken immediately after each milking and analysed for WBC count, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions, and blood lactose. All milk samples were analysed for somatic cell counts (SCC), lactose, Na, Cl and electrical conductivity (EC). Furthermore mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-&alpha; (TNF&alpha;), interleukin (IL)-1&beta;, IL-6, IL-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in milk cells were measured via real-time RT-PCR. None of the investigated milk and blood parameters changed significantly in response to the OT treatment. The mRNA-expression of TNF&alpha; decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) to a minimum on Day 3 in response to OT administration. IL-1&beta; and IL-6-mRNA expression decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) to a minimum within three day. IL-8 and COX2 expression did not change in response to OT treatment. In <I>Experiment II</I> twelve cows, randomly divided into two groups of six, were used to investigate the effect of chronic im OT administration on mammary tissue. Cows were im administered 50 IU OT (OT-group) or 5 ml saline (9 g/l; C-group) before each milking during eight days. Biopsy samples were taken after every morning milking. The mRNA expression of various inflammatory factors and the tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3 were measured via real-time RT-PCR. TNF&alpha;-mRNA expression decreased (Day 2 with <I>P</I> < 0.05) within the first four days of OT administration and increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in the C-group on Day 2. IL-1&beta; expression levels of the OT-group increased transiently and decreased on Day 3 and in the C-group values increased significantly on Day 3 as compared to Day 0. IL-6 expression in the OT-group decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) to a minimum on Day 1 and increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) as compared to Day 0 on Day 7 and increased significantly on Day 1 and Day 5 compared to Day 0 in group C. IL-8 and COX2 expression did not change in response to OT administration. The mRNA-expression of OCLN and ZO-3 decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) as compared to Day 0 with a minimum on Day 7. ZO-1 and ZO-2 expression did not change due to OT administration. ZO-2-mRNA expression in C-group decreased significantly on Day 2 compared to Day 0. In conclusion, chronic OT administration induced increasing SCC and EC levels in milk as well as K and lactose in blood while nearly all investigated cytokines in milk cells and mammary tissue were down regulated. The mRNA expressions of the TJ proteins OCLN and ZO-3 were down-regulated in response to the OT treatment what indicates an increasing TJ permeability. Besides the effect on TJ proteins there was no obvious change of the immunological competence of the mammary gland in response to OT. However, a more complete milk ejection should help to remove pathogens during milking.

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on ewe's milk composition, its properties and the quality of rennet curd

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Novotná ◽  
Jan Kuchtík ◽  
Igor Dobeš ◽  
Květoslava Šustová ◽  
Pavlína Zajícová
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ewe's Milk ◽  
Recorded Data

The evaluation of the effect of somatic cells count on ewe’s milk composition, its properties and on the quality of rennet curd was carried using milk samples obtained from a total 10 ewes F112 crossbreeds of Lacaune (L), East Friesian (EF) and Improved Wallachian (IW), reared on a ecological sheep farm in Valašská Bystřice. All ewes were on the 1st  lactation, in good nutritive condition and clinically healthy. The sampling was carried on 47th, 81st, 123rd, 152nd and 189th day of lactation. The analysis involved a total of 50 milk samples, which were categorized into 5 different SCC groups: 1st group (≤ 10 000 SC/ml), 2nd  group (11 000–50 000 SC/ml), 3rd  group (51 000–100 000 SC/ml), 4th  group (101 000–200 000 SC/ml), 5th  group (≥ 201 000 SC/ml). Milk composition and milk properties were determined by standard methods. For the evaluation of the quality of rennet curd (class quality) was used following scale: 1st  class – very good and hard curd, 2nd  class – good curd, 3rd  class – bad curd, 4th  class – very bad curd, 5th class – no or invisible flocculation of casein. Recorded data were statistically analyzed using the classical least squares method (SAS; PROC GLM variant ss4). The SCC had a significant effect on all components of milk under study. The lowest contents of total solids (TS), fat (F), solids non-fat (SNF), protein (P) and casein (CN) were found in the group with the highest SCC (5th group). On the other hand, the highest contents of all above-mentioned milk components were found in the group with the lowest SCC. The significantly lowest content of lactose (4.42 %) was found in the group with the lowest SCC. The SCC had also significant effect on pH and titrable acidity. However on the other hand SCC had not a significant effect on rennetability and rennet curd quality (RCQ). The highest value of pH was found in the 5th group (the highest SCC). Titrable acidity has decreased from 10.10 °SH to 8.66 °SH depending on growth of SCC. The longest rennetability (257 s) was found in the group with the highest SCC. The best RCQ (class: 1.90) was found in the group where SCC per1 ml of milk ranged from 51 000 to 100 000. On the other hand the worst RCQ (class: 2.28) was found in the group with the lowest SCC.

scholarly journals Milk composition of rats feeding restricted litters

1986 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 917-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Grigor ◽  
J Allan ◽  
A Carne ◽  
J M Carrington ◽  
A Geursen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

Milk samples were taken from rats feeding ten pups and from both the suckled and non-suckled glands of rats feeding two pups. The lipid, protein and lactose concentrations were similar in the milks from the secreting glands, but the fluid from the non-suckled glands contained less lactose and lipid but significantly higher total protein and transferrin concentrations. The fatty acid compositions of the milk from the three sources were very similar. The mammary tissue from the rats feeding ten pups had a higher DNA content/g wet wt. than either the suckled or non-suckled mammary tissue of the rats feeding two pups. The specific activities of several lipogenic enzymes were significantly lower in the non-suckled mammary tissue.

671. The association between the fat percentage of cows' milk and the size and number of the fat globules

1957 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. L. King
Keyword(s):  
Average Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk samples were collected, between 17 April and 30 May 1956, from fifty-six Ayrshire and forty Friesian cows, which had been calved for between 45 and 165 days, when they were running out at grass day and night. The results showed that differences in the fat percentages of their milk were accompanied by corresponding variations in the average diameter of the globules in both breeds and in the numbers of globules per cu.mm. in the Friesian cows. These changes were not significant for either variant because there were some individuals in which changes in fat percentage appeared to be accounted for by either an increase in fat globule diameter or an increase in the number per cu.mm. with correspondingly low figures for the other variant.

scholarly journals Changes in Somatic Cell Count, Composition and Cytokine Levels in Milk from Cows with Mastitis Due to Mixed Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Safak ◽  
Ali Risvanli
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Tgf Β1 ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Group 1

Background: Mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that is very common worldwide, mostly caused by bacteria, and causes enormous economic losses. Many microorganisms cause this disease. The most common causes of mastitis by these microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae). The anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β include: 1) limiting interferon (IFN)-γ production; 2) increasing the expression of the ınterleukine (IL)-1 receptor antagonist; 3) inhibiting macrophage production of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen intermediates; and 4) increasing macrophage clearance of bacterial debris and damaged parenchymal cells. It is stated that cytokines and milk composition change in case of mastitis. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the changes in milk TGF-β1 and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations and milk composition in mixed infections caused by three pathogens causing mastitis.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, milk samples from 90 cows were divided into 5 groups. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TGF-β1 concentrations and milk composition were determined in these milk samples. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the cows included in the study and scoring was done. According to the CMT results of the milk samples taken, CMT(-) cows were included in group 1 (n = 22). Those with the CMT(+) were taken to the microbiology laboratory for analysis within 2 h. After the bacteria was determined, combination groupings were formed. Group 2 (n = 17) with S. aureus and E. coli, group 3 (n = 21), S. agalactiae with S. aureus, S. agalactiae and E. coli together, group 4 (n = 8) and CMT (+) but no bacterial growth formed group 5 (n = 22).Somatic cell counts were made in the milk samples taken from the cows belonging to the groupings. Somatic cell count was measured with the DeLaval Cell Counter® (Cell Counter DCC) device. Mineral matter, fat, protein, lactose, electrical conductivity and specific gravity were measured in milk samples using Lactoscan Milk Analyzer (Milkotronic/EUROPE). Milk samples were then stored at -80°C to measure TGF-β1 and TNF-α. Tumor necrosis factor-α and TGF-β1 concentrations in milk samples were measured using ELISA kits (Sunred Biological Technology).Discussion: Changes in milk TNF-α and TGF-β1 concentration and milk composition were determined in milk samples with mastitis caused by mixed infection. The TNF-α concentration of group 4 was higher than the other groups. On the other hand, the highest concentration of TGF-β1 was found in group 2. While the number of somatic cells in group 1 was lower than in groups 2, 3, and 4, there was no statistical difference between groups 1 and 5. The lowest milk fat ratio was found in group 1, and it was found to be statistically lower than groups 2, 3, and 4. While the rate of solid-non-fat of group 1 increased compared to groups 2 and 3, the highest protein ratio was found in groups 1 and 5. There was no difference between the 5 groups in terms of mineral matter ratios. While the specific gravity was highest in group 1, there was no statistical difference between the other 4 groups. Overall, it was concluded that there was an increase in TNF-α and TGF-β1 concentrations and a change in milk composition in samples with bacterial growth.Keywords: bovine mastitis, cytokine, milk composition, raw milk, transforming growth factor.

616. The size of the fat globules in the milk of diseased cows

1956 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. L. King
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Globule Size ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

The results of examining the fat globule size in milk samples from thirty-one cows which were in-patients in a Veterinary Hospital, have been recorded. Eleven of these cows did not develop a body temperature over 102·4° F., and samples collected on the second day after admission and 5 days later were examined and compared. Although the rise in yield was significant, the differences in fat percentage and fat globule size were not. The other twenty cows developed raised body temperatures, and the association between body temperature and milk composition was considered in the following temperature ranges: 104° F. or over, from 102·5–103·9° F., and 102·4° F. or below. The results showed that a rise in body temperature was accompanied by a fall in yield and also by an increase in the fat percentage and in the average fat globule diameter.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COLOSTRUM AND MILK COMPOSITION OF SEVEN BREEDS OF SWINE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. FAHMY
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

Colostrum and milk samples taken at 1, 14, 28, and 35 days after farrowing from 31 sows of seven breeds (Yorkshire, Landrace, Lacombe, Duroc, Hampshire, Berkshire, and Large Black) were chemically analyzed to study the effects of breed and stage of lactation on composition. Breed was a significant source of variation for fat, sodium, and magnesium percentages of milk, and potassium percentage of the colostrum. Significant breed differences were also found in energy and ash, total solids, and phosphorus percentages. Yorkshire, Hampshire, and Lacombe were generally higher and Berkshire and Large Black lower in milk constituents than the other breeds. Significant changes in total solids, protein, ash, calcium, and phosphorus percentages were observed with the advance in lactation. The overall means for the different determinations of milk corrected for the effects of breed and stage of lactation were: specific gravity, 39 Quevenne/15.6 C; energy, 1.11 kcal/g; ash %, 1.04; total solids %, 19.0; fat %, 6.3; protein %, 5.4; calcium %, 0.20; sodium %, 0.04; potassium %, 0.10; magnesium %, 0.02; and phosphorus %, 0.17.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

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