scholarly journals Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence and Enterotoxins-Determinant Genes of MRSA Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Egypt

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelazeem M. Algammal ◽  
Mohamed E. Enany ◽  
Reham M. El-Tarabili ◽  
Madeha O. I. Ghobashy ◽  
Yosra A. Helmy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Spa Gene

Subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus has worldwide public health significance. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and the virulence and enterotoxins determinant genes of MRSA strains that caused subclinical bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from 120 lactating animals (50 buffaloes and 70 dairy cattle) from different farms located in Ismailia Province (Egypt). The collected samples were investigated for subclinical mastitis using a California mastitis test. The total prevalence of S. aureus was 35.9% (84/234) with 36.3% (53/146) in cattle and 31% (31/88) in buffaloes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 35.7% (30/84) of the isolated strains were resistant to cefoxitin, defined as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with 37.7% (20/53) in cattle and 32.2% (10/31) in buffaloes. Using PCR, 100% of the tested strains harbored coa and mecA genes, while 86.6% were positive for spa gene, with remarkable gene size polymorphism. Additionally, 10% of the tested strains contained the pvl gene. Further, using multiplex PCR, 26.6% of the tested samples had sea gene, two strains had sec gene and only one strain had sea and sec genes. The seb and sed genes were absent in the tested strains. In conclusion, mecA, coa and spa virulence genes were widely distributed in MRSA strains isolated from bovine milk, whereas the sea gene was the most predominant enterotoxin gene. Notably, this is the first report that emphasizes the prevalence of pvl gene of MRSA isolated from bovine milk in Egypt.

scholarly journals Etiology of Mastitis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Western Part of Romania

Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Corina Pascu ◽  
Viorel Herman ◽  
Ionica Iancu ◽  
Luminita Costinar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The present study aimed to determine the bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance in the western part of Romania. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed based on local inflammation in the udder, changes in milk, and when present, generalized symptoms. Subclinical mastitis was assessed using a rapid test—the California Mastitis Test. The identification of bacterial strains was performed based on biochemical profiles using API system tests (API 20 E, API Staph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne, API 20 NE (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (50/116; 43.19%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (26/116; 22.41%), E. coli (16/116; 13.79%), Corynebacterium spp. (9/116; 7.75%), Enterococcus spp. (10/116; 8.62%), and Enterobacter spp. (5/116; 4.31%). Phenotype antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed used the disc diffusion method. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria showed low susceptibility to most of the antimicrobials tested, except cephalothin. Susceptibilities to penicillins and quinolones were fairly high in Gram-negative bacteria, whereas resistance was observed to macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The highest number of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), the resistance pathotypes identified including the most frequently antimicrobials used in cow mastitis treatment in Romania.

Variations in the levels of acute-phase proteins and lactoferrin in serum and milk during bovine subclinical mastitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Aarsha Raj ◽  
Vinodkumar Kulangara ◽  
Tresamol P. Vareed ◽  
Deepa P. Melepat ◽  
Latha Chattothayil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Bacterial Organism

Abstract Variations in the levels of acute phase proteins and lactoferrin in serum and milk for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows are described in this research paper. Milking animals from two organized dairy farms in Kerala, India, were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductivity test (EC) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) test to identify animals affected with sub clinical mastitis (SCM). The concentrations of acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), C- reactive protein (CRP), Albumin, Lactoferrin (Lf) and α- 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) in milk and Hp, Albumin, Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and CRP in the serum of 40 normal cows and 40 cows affected with sub clinical mastitis were assessed. Solid phase ELISA was employed for assessment of all parameters except the albumin levels, for which spectrophotometry was used. The values of Hp in milk; and SAA, AGP and Lf in serum, were significantly elevated in the group with sub clinical mastitis. Such variations were found to be independent of the specific bacterial organism causing the disease. These results show that significant variations exist in the levels of acute phase proteins Hp, AGP and Lf in milk, and SAA in serum of animals affected with subclinical bovine mastitis that are not affected by specific bacterial etiology.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequencing of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Mastitis and Raw Milk: The First Emergence of Colistin mcr-10 and Fosfomycin fosA5 Resistance Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine H. Tartor ◽  
Norhan K. Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Rasha M. A. Gharieb ◽  
Hend M. El Damaty ◽  
Shymaa Enany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli

Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern in the dairy industry. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genome sequencing of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical (n = 350) and subclinical (n = 95) bovine mastitis, and raw unpasteurized milk (n = 125). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae (100% each), Escherichia coli (87.78%), and Proteus mirabilis (69.7%) were the most prevalent multidrug-resistant (MDR) species. Extensive drug-resistance (XDR) phenotype was found in P. mirabilis (30.30%) and E. coli (3.33%) isolates. Ten isolates (four E. coli, three Klebsiella species and three P. mirabilis) that displayed the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices (0.54–0.83), were exposed to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Two multilocus sequence types (MLST): ST2165 and ST7624 were identified among the sequenced E. coli isolates. Three E. coli isolates (two from clinical mastitis and one from raw milk) belonging to ST2165 showed similar profile of plasmid replicon types: IncFIA, IncFIB, IncFII, and IncQ1 with an exception to an isolate that contained IncR, whereas E. coli ST7624 showed a different plasmid profile including IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncI1α, and IncFII replicon types. ResFinder findings revealed the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin mcr-10 and fosfomycin fosA5 resistance genes in a K. pneumoniae (K1) isolate from bovine milk. Sequence analysis of the reconstructed mcr-10 plasmid from WGS of K1 isolate, showed that mcr-10 gene was bracketed by xerC and insertion sequence IS26 on an IncFIB plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that K1 isolate existed in a clade including mcr-10-harboring isolates from human and environment with different STs and countries [United Kingdom (ST788), Australia (ST323), Malawi (ST2144), Myanmar (ST705), and Laos (ST2355)]. This study reports the first emergence of K. pneumoniae co-harboring mcr-10 and fosA5 genes from bovine milk in the Middle East, which constitutes a public health threat and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antibiotics. Hence, prudent use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and antimicrobial surveillance plans are urgently required.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with the occurrence of multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in northern Brazil

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 901-910
Author(s):  
Lilian Bernardina Ferreira ◽  
◽  
Larissa de Freitas Santiago Israel ◽  
Renata Fernandes Rabello ◽  
Guilherme Nunes de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Phenotypic Profile ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Staphylococcus bacteria are often associated with subclinical bovine mastitis. This study aimed to identify multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. associated with subclinical mastitis and the associated risk factors. Twenty-three dairy farms with a history of decrease in milk production, located in the lower Acre region, Brazil, were selected. An epidemiological questionnaire was provided in all farms. All animals were examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and their milk samples were collected for bacterial culture. After isolation and identification, the disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed against nine classes of antimicrobials. Of the 339 cows examined using the CMT, 108 had mastitis. A total of 229 milk samples were collected from individual teats. MALDI-TOF MS found isolates belonging to eight species of Staphylococcus, in 101 of these samples. S. chromogenes (58.4%) demonstrated strongest resistance to the nine classes of antimicrobial active principles. Nineteen isolates with multidrug resistance phenotypic profile were identified. This phenotypic expression indicates wide circulation of resistant genes in this species. The presence of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus spp. in this study was correlated with lack of water for cleaning the corral, which is a preventive factor, minimizing the transmission and persistence of pathogens in the farms.

scholarly journals The Genetic Relatedness and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from New Zealand Dairy Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Sabrina S. Greening ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Anne C. Midwinter ◽  
David A. Wilkinson ◽  
Scott McDougall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Antimicrobial Usage ◽  
Dry Cow Therapy ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis worldwide and is a common indication for use of antimicrobials on dairy farms. This study aims to investigate the association between on-farm antimicrobial usage and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of mastitis-causing S. aureus. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 57 S. aureus isolates derived from cows with either clinical or subclinical mastitis from 17 dairy herds in New Zealand. The genetic relatedness between isolates was examined using the core single nucleotide polymorphism alignment whilst AMR and virulence genes were identified in-silico. The association between gene presence-absence and sequence type (ST), antimicrobial susceptibility and dry cow therapy treatment was investigated using Scoary. Altogether, eight STs were identified with 61.4% (35/57) belonging to ST-1. Furthermore, 14 AMR-associated genes and 76 virulence-associated genes were identified, with little genetic diversity between isolates belonging to the same ST. Several genes including merR1 which is thought to play a role in ciprofloxacin-resistance were found to be significantly overrepresented in isolates sampled from herds using ampicillin/cloxacillin dry cow therapy. Overall, the presence of resistance genes remains low and current antimicrobial usage patterns do not appear to be driving AMR in S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection and Sensitivity to Antibiotics and Bacteriocins of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Family Dairy Herds of Central Mexico

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma. Fabiola León-Galván ◽  
José E. Barboza-Corona ◽  
A. Arianna Lechuga-Arana ◽  
Mauricio Valencia-Posadas ◽  
Daniel D. Aguayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis

Thirty-two farms (n=535cows) located in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, were sampled. Pathogens from bovine subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CLM) were identified by 16S rDNA and the sensitivity to both antibiotics and bacteriocins ofBacillus thuringiensiswas tested. Forty-six milk samples were selected for their positive California Mastitis Test (CMT) (≥3) and any abnormality in the udder or milk. The frequency of SCM and CLM was 39.1% and 9.3%, respectively. Averages for test day milk yield (MY), lactation number (LN), herd size (HS), and number of days in milk (DM) were 20.6 kg, 2.8 lactations, 16.7 animals, and 164.1 days, respectively. MY was dependent on dairy herd (DH), LN, HS, and DMP<0.01, and correlations between udder quarters from the CMT were around 0.49P<0.01. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were mainly identified, as well asStaphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus uberis,Brevibacterium stationis,B. conglomeratum, andStaphylococcus agnetis. Bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin, clindamycin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime. Bacteriocins synthesized byBacillus thuringiensisinhibited the growth of multiantibiotic resistance bacteria such asS. agnetis,S. equorum,Streptococcus uberis,Brevibacterium stationis, andBrachybacterium conglomeratum, but they were not active againstS. sciuri, a microorganism that showed an 84% resistance to antibiotics tested in this study.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Milk-Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1328-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA COOK ◽  
RICHARD J. REID-SMITH ◽  
REBECCA J. IRWIN ◽  
SCOTT A. McEWEN ◽  
VIRGINIA YOUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Health Significance

This study estimated the prevalence of Escherichia coli isolates in fresh retail milk-fed veal scallopini pieces obtained from grocery stores in Ontario, Canada. In addition, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were examined for points of public health significance. One hundred fifty-three milk-fed veal samples were collected over the course of two sampling phases, January to May 2004 and November 2004 to January 2005. E. coli isolates were recovered from 87% (95% confidence interval, 80.54 to 91.83%) of samples, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on 392 isolates. The prevalence of resistance to one or more antimicrobials was 70% (274 of 392), while the resistance to five or more antimicrobials was 33% (128 of 392). Resistance to ceftiofur (2.8%), ceftriaxone (3.6%), nalidixic acid (12%), and ciprofloxacin (3.8%) alone or in combination was observed. Eighty-five resistance patterns were observed; resistance to tetracycline only (7.4%) was observed most frequently. Individual antimicrobial resistance prevalence levels were compared with grain-fed veal and retail beef data from samples collected in Ontario. In general, resistance to individual antimicrobials was observed more frequently in E. coli isolates from milk-fed veal than in isolates from grain-fed veal and beef. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials and to five or more antimicrobials in E. coli isolates was more frequent in isolates from milk-fed veal than in isolates from grain-fed veal and beef. This study provides baseline data on the occurrence of resistance in E. coli isolates from milk-fed veal that can be compared with data for other commodities. Additionally, E. coli resistance patterns may serve as an indicator of antimicrobial exposure.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in Ettawa Crossbred goat (PE) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widodo Suwito ◽  
WIDAGDO SRI NUGROHO ◽  
AGNESIA ENDANG TRI HASTUTI WAHYUNI ◽  
BAMBANG SUMIARTO
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract. Suwito W, Nugroho WS, Wahyuni AETH, Sumiarto B. 2021. Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in Ettawa Crossbred goat (PE) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3418-3422. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Ettawa Crossbred Goat (PE) is most frequently caused by staphylococci with a significant reduction in milk yield. The aim of this study is to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from PE goat SCM. A total of 36 CoNS isolates originating from PE goat SCM were collected in semisolid tube use in this study. All CoNS isolates were further examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility of CoNS isolated samples according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The CoNS isolates showed the highest resistance rate against sulfamethoxazole (65%), ampicillin (55.56%), penicillin (45%), cefoxitin (33.33%), erythromycin (25%), oxytetracycline (20%), tetracycline (15%), gentamicin and neomycin (11.11%), while oxacillin was sensitive. The highest of multiple antimicrobials resistance observed 15% in ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline, then 5-10% in ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline. The majority of CoNS in this study were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and then, followed by ampicillin, penicillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, gentamicin and neomycin. In addition, most isolates were penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR).

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance and detection of mecA and blaZ genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from bovine mastitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 692-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiane C. Soares ◽  
Ingrid A. Pereira ◽  
Bruno R. Pribul ◽  
Marcelo S. Oliva ◽  
Shana M.O. Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Gene 4

The present study evaluated the pheno- and genotypical antimicrobial resistance profile of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species isolated from dairy cows milk, specially concerning to oxacillin. Of 100 CNS isolates, the S. xylosus was the prevalent species, followed by S. cohnii, S. hominis, S. capitis and S. haemolyticus. Only 6% were phenotypically susceptible to the antimicrobial agents tested in disk diffusion assay. Penicillin and ampicillin resistance rates were significantly higher than others antimicrobials. Four isolates were positive to mecA gene (4%), all represented by the S. xylosus species. The blaZ gene was detected in 16% of the isolates (16/100). It was noticed that all mecA + were also positive to this gene and the presence of both genes was correlated to phenotypic beta-lactamic resistance. We conclude that CNS species from bovine milk presented significantly distinct antimicrobial resistance profiles, evaluated by phenotypic and genotypic tests, which has implications for treatment and management decisions.

scholarly journals Genomic Distinctions of LA-MRSA ST398 on Dairy Farms From Different German Federal States With a Low Risk of Severe Human Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Lienen ◽  
Arne Schnitt ◽  
Jens Andre Hammerl ◽  
Sven Maurischat ◽  
Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Federal States ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Human Infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found on German dairy farms and may be the cause of difficult-to-treat bovine mastitis. Considering the one health approach, MRSA might be transmitted from animals to humans raising the risk for severe infections. On 17 German dairy farms with a history of MRSA detection, MRSA strains were isolated from quarter milk, bulk tank milk, and swab samples of calves, heifers, pigs, and the environment. A selection of 33 isolates was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance testing. All detected MRSA strains were attributed to the livestock-associated sequence type 398. Methicillin-resistance was associated with the mecA gene in the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)mec types IVa (7/33) or V (26/33). The MRSA strains across the German federal states showed large allelic differences indicating independent development and distribution. On one farm, a clonal MRSA isolate was widely spread among different animals and the milking equipment. Moreover, MRSA transmission between two dairy farms in one federal state seems to be likely. In depth studies indicated that the resistance gene prediction and phenotypic resistance are in good agreement. Twenty eight strains were determined to exhibit a non-wildtype phenotype (resistant) against up to seven antimicrobial substances with an overall resistance to β-lactams and tetracycline. Ten different phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns were found among the MRSA strains. The strains harbored a wide virulence gene repertoire, of which some of them are related to bovine mastitis. However, the isolates lacked typical human infection associated factors such as the immune evasion cluster genes, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, or Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes leading to the assumption for a low risk for severe human infections and foodborne diseases.

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