scholarly journals Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Susanna Tinello ◽  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Claudia Maria Tucciarone ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
Spread Dynamics

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013–2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 3 Strains Circulating in Sardinian Pigs and Wild Boars

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Silvia Dei Giudici ◽  
Giulia Franzoni ◽  
Piero Bonelli ◽  
Pier Paolo Angioi ◽  
Susanna Zinellu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Nonsynonymous Mutation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽  
Free Ranging

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a recently discovered member of the Circoviridae family. So far, its presence has been reported in North America, Asia, South America, and Europe. In this study, blood and tissue samples from 189 Sardinian suids (34 domestic pigs, 115 feral free ranging pigs, and 39 wild boars) were used to genetically characterize the PCV3 strains from Sardinia. PCV3 infection in the animals was confirmed by real time PCR. The detection rate in the three groups analyzed was l7.64% in domestic pigs, 77.39% in free ranging pigs, and 61.54% in wild boars. Moreover, our results showed that co-infection of PCV3 with other viruses is quite a common occurrence. Molecular characterization of Sardinian PCV3 strains was performed by sequencing 6 complete genomes and 12 complete cap genes. Our results revealed that there is a high similarity between our strains and those identified in different countries, confirming the genetic stability of PCV3 regardless of geographical origin. Haplotype network analysis revealed the presence of 6 whole genomes or 12 unique ORF2 haplotypes and a nonsynonymous mutation in ORF2 that leads to an R14K amino acid substitution. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome and ORF2 was also conducted. The Sardinian strains were allocated in three different clusters of phylogenetic trees of both complete genome and ORF2. With this study, we have provided a snapshot of PCV3 circulation in Sardinia. Our findings might help to achieve a deeper understanding of this emerging porcine virus.

Molecular study of Porcine Circovirus type 2 in wild boars and domestic pigs in Uruguay from 2010 to 2014: Predominance of recombinant circulating strains

Gene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 637 ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Ramos ◽  
Dario Porley ◽  
Santiago Mirazo ◽  
Gustavo Castro ◽  
Karina Cabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Study ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs

scholarly journals Detection and Characterization of Viral Pathogens Associated with Reproductive Failure in Wild Boars in Central Italy

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Maria Irene Pacini ◽  
Mario Forzan ◽  
Giovanni Cilia ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽  
Filippo Fratini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Domestic Swine

Wild boar and domestic swine share several pathogens, including viruses responsible for reproductive failures, representing an important sanitary and economic risk for the swine industry. Among them, suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) are widely diffused in the wild boar population. Unfortunately, little is known about their pathogenetic mechanisms and impact on the reproductive parameters of wild animals. This study aims to investigate the presence of viruses responsible for reproductive failure in pregnant wild boar sows and their foetuses. The investigation was conducted on 46 pregnant wild boar and their foetuses by molecular analysis; a phylogenetic study was performed on the positive samples. All of the investigated pathogens were identified in sows, while only herpesvirus and circovirus were detected in the tissues of their foetuses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viral sequences obtained from the positive wild boars were closely related to those previously identified in domestic swine belonging to the same study areas. The results suggest that SuHV-1 and PCV2 can infect wild boar foetuses, with a possible impact on wild boar reproductive performance. Moreover, our data highlight the importance of continuous monitoring of swine pathogens circulating in wild environments, so as to carry out adequate sanitary actions.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 in Sardinia, Italy, shows genotype 2d circulation among domestic pigs and wild boars

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Dei Giudici ◽  
Alessandra Lo Presti ◽  
Piero Bonelli ◽  
Pier Paolo Angioi ◽  
Giovanna Sanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs

scholarly journals Development and Application of a Double-Antigen Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Porcine Circovirus 2

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1480-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Ge ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
Daliang Jiang ◽  
Runcheng Li ◽  
Wenwei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2

ABSTRACTA double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) antibodies using the well-characterized recombinant PCV2 capsid protein. In a comparative test of 394 pig sera against an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test and a commercial ELISA kit (also based on the recombinant PCV2 capsid protein), the results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the assay were, respectively, 90.61, 94.02, and 91.62% compared with IIF and 94.38, 95.28, and 94.67% compared with the commercial ELISA kit. Assay of 12 PCV-free pigs over a 5-week period produced only PCV2-negative titers by all 3 methods. These results and the seroprofiles of 4 pig farms obtained by both the commercial ELISA kit and the double-antigen sandwich ELISA indicate that the sandwich ELISA is a reliable method for detection of antibodies to PCV2. Additionally, the method described here permits the use of undiluted test serum samples simultaneously loaded with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antigen into the test well, and the complete test procedure can be performed in less than 90 min. This double-antigen sandwich ELISA should be a useful tool to aid swine industry professionals in deciding the intervention strategies for the control of PCV2-associated diseases.

scholarly journals Lack of Evidence on the Susceptibility of Ticks and Wild Rodent Species to PCV3 Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Annapaola Rizzoli ◽  
Marco Martini ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Wild Rodent ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus, first detected in 2016 and widespread in the swine industry. Although not considered a primary pathogen, PCV3 is potentially linked to several clinical conditions that threaten swine farming. Wild boars are considered the main reservoir species for PCV3 infection in the wild, but recent detection in roe deer, chamois and associated ticks has complicated our understanding of its epidemiology. Much emphasis has been placed on ticks, as competent vectors, and wild rodents, which typically feed immature tick stages. The aim of this study was to clarify whether wild rodent species and associated ticks are susceptible to PCV3 infection and involved in its spread. Wild small mammals’ serum samples and hosted ticks were, therefore, collected from areas where no wild boars were present and tested by PCR, targeting the PCV3 rep gene. A total of 90 yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), two wood mice (A. sylvaticus), 26 bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and 262 Ixodes spp. ticks were investigated. PCV3 DNA was not detected in serum or in tick samples. These findings support the hypothesis that the investigated species do not have an actual role as PCV3 reservoirs. Further studies would be necessary to state whether these species, or others that we did not test, are involved in PCV3 infection spread—in particular when susceptible species share the same habitat.

scholarly journals Key risk factors and impact of African swine fever spreading on pig production in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-391
Author(s):  
Vladimir Polaček ◽  
Jovan Mirčeta ◽  
Jasna Prodanov-Radulović
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars and currently represents a major threat to the swine industry worldwide. Disease control is impaired by a lack of an effective vaccine and currently, it is dependent on biosecurity measures in pig production, rapid diagnosis, and stamping out of infected herds. Consequently, this swine disease has considerable social-economic significance on national or even regional level. In 2019 for the first time ASF was detected in the domestic swine population (backyards) in the central region of Serbia. From then on, there have been continuous outbreaks of new cases in the population of domestic and wild boars. Considering domestic pig population, in the majority of cases, ASF was detected in small holdings and backyards. The biosecurity measures are not officially required by veterinary regulation and are only given in a form of recommendations. On the other hand, it is not always possible to implement biosecurity measures that are recognized today as essential for sustainable pig production in the old type of industrial pig facilities. Nowadays, in 2021, it became obvious that the domestic pig cycle, human activities involving pigs, or pig-derived meat products are the dominant driver of virus transmission. Additionally, human activities are frequently a risky connection between domestic pigs and wild boars both directly or indirectly. Traditional, culture-related aspects and facts that politicians failed to recognise ASF as a serious issue that causes great economical losses were found to be very important obstacles in disease control.

scholarly journals Porcine circovirus 2 and 3 in wild boars in Southern Brazil

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Dal Santo ◽  
Leticia Trevisan Gressler ◽  
Samay Zillmann Rocha Costa ◽  
João Rogério Centenaro ◽  
Isabella Mazzocato Dazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Swine Pathogen ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
Lung Lymph

ABSTRACT: Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has a considerable economic impact on the pork industry worldwide for more than two decades. In 2016, a new circovirus, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was described; since then, it has been reported to be associated with diseased or even in clinically healthy swine in several countries. Considering the importance of wild boars as reservoirs of swine pathogens and the extensive distribution of these animals in Rio Grande do Sul and throughout the national territory, we searched for PCV2 and PCV3 in twenty-six wild boars coupled with necropsy and histologic examination of the sampled animals. Using PCR, 182 tissue samples were analyzed, including the heart, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. PCV2 and PCV3 were detected in 57.7% (15/26) and 15.4% (4/26) of wild boars, respectively. Furthermore, co-infection with PCV2 and PCV3 was detected in one of these animals, with PCV2 or PCV3 DNA detection in multiple organs. Histological examination showed mild to moderate and multifocal lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis distributed randomly throughout the renal cortex, apparently unrelated to PCV2 or PCV3 detection. The wild boar population in Brazil is extensive, indicating the presence of a larger number of swine pathogen hosts. In the present study, more than half of the wild boars harbored PCV2; and although less frequently, PCV3 was also detected. Therefore, free-living wild boars can serve as reservoirs of swine circoviruses in southern Brazil.

scholarly journals Detection and phylogenetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 from pigs in Mozambique

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio J. Laisse ◽  
Carine K. Souza ◽  
Paula R. Pereira ◽  
Cíntia De Lorenzo ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Phylogenetic Characterization ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
Lymphoid Depletion ◽  
Swine Population

Porcine circovirus–associated diseases (PCVADs), caused by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), have a significant economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. In Africa, there is little information, to date, regarding the occurrence of PCV-2, and it has not been reported in Mozambique’s swine population. We randomly collected mesenteric lymph nodes ( n = 111) from slaughtered pigs from 9 districts in southern Mozambique. PCV-2 DNA was detected in 54% (62 of 111) of the samples and 78% (23 of 31) of the farms. PCV-2 antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in lymph nodes (6 of 62; 10%) that were positive for PCV-2 by PCR. Histopathologic changes observed in these lymph nodes were lymphoid depletion, multifocal nodal necrosis, and infiltrates of histiocytes and multinucleate giant cells. One positive sample from each district was selected in order to obtain sequences covering the ORF2 region. Five sequences clustered with PCV-2d, of which 3 sequences from Maputo, Namaacha, and Moamba were grouped with PCV-2d-2; 2 sequences from Manhiça and Matola were grouped as PCV-2d-1; and 4 sequences from Boane, Matutuíne, Chibuto, and Xai-Xai were closely related to PCV-2b-1A/B genotypes. Our study indicates that a diversity of PCV-2 viruses is circulating in the Mozambican swine population.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document