scholarly journals Antibiotic and Antibiofilm Activities of Salvadora persica L. Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans: A Detailed Comparative Study with Chlorhexidine Digluconate

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merajuddin Khan ◽  
Hamad Z. Alkhathlan ◽  
Shams Tabrez Khan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agent ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽  
Salvadora Persica

The use of organic components from plants as an alternative antimicrobial agent is becoming popular due to the development of drug-resistance in various pathogens. Essential oils from fresh (MF-1) and dried (MD-1) roots of Salvadora persica L. were extracted and benzyl isothiocynate was determined as their chief constituent using GC-MS and GC-FID. The antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of MD-1 and MF-1 against Streptococcus mutans a dental caries causing bacteria were determined using multiple assays. These activities were compared with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and clove oil, well known antimicrobial agents for oral hygiene. Essential oils demonstrated IC50 values (10–11 µg/mL) comparable to that of CHX, showed a significant reduction (82 ± 7–87 ± 6%) of the biofilm formation at a very low concentration. These results were supported by RT-PCR studies showing change in the expression levels of AtlE, gtfB, ymcA and sodA genes involved in autolysis, biofilm formation and oxidative stress, respectively. The results presented in this study show the robust bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of MD-1 and MF-1 against S. mutans which is comparable to Chlorhexidine digluconate. Our results suggest that these essential oils can be as effective as CHX and hence can serve as a good alternative antimicrobial agent for oral hygiene.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: An In Vitro Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad ◽  
Lamia Mokeem ◽  
Mary Anne S. Melo ◽  
Richard L. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Salvadora Persica ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Herbal Products

The use of herbal products in oral hygiene care has a long history, and their use is popular today. A tree stick, named Salvadora persica (S. persica), is commonly used to remove dental plaque and clean teeth in many countries. In addition, extracts of S. persica can be used as a mouthwash, as they demonstrate antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of S. persica methanol and aqueous extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. A S. mutans biofilm formation assay was conducted using different concentrations of S. persica methanol or water extracts in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye, and the absorbance was assessed to examine biofilm formation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the results. The S. persica methanol extract displayed a significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) against the S. mutans biofilm. The 10 mg/mL concentration of the S. persica methanol extract was determined as the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The used methanol concentration, mixed with TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose and without the S. persica extract, did not inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. The S. persica aqueous extract did not demonstrate any biofilm inhibition at any concentration (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the potential of using S. persica methanol extract as a mouthwash or adjunctive to oral hygiene tools.

scholarly journals Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Expression of Efflux Pump and Quorum-Sensing Genes in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Fatma Y. Ahmed ◽  
Usama Farghaly Aly ◽  
Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky ◽  
Nancy G. F. M. Waly
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
The Impact

Most of the infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strains are extremely difficult to be treated with conventional antibiotics. Biofilm formation and efflux pumps are recognized as the major antibiotic resistance mechanisms in MDR P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa depends mainly on the cell-to-cell communication quorum-sensing (QS) systems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) have been used as antimicrobial agents against several microorganisms but have not been reported as an anti-QS agent. This study aims to evaluate the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) on QS and efflux pump genes expression in MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 25 P. aeruginosa isolates were performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) were prepared by the sol gel method and characterized by different techniques (DLS, HR-TEM, XRD, and FTIR). The expression of efflux pumps in the MDR isolates was detected by the determination of MICs of different antibiotics in the presence and absence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Biofilm formation and the antibiofilm activity of TDN were determined using the tissue culture plate method. The effects of TDN on the expression of QS genes and efflux pump genes were tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The average size of the TDNs was 64.77 nm. It was found that TDN showed a significant reduction in biofilm formation (96%) and represented superior antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa strains in comparison to titanium dioxide powder. In addition, the use of TDN alone or in combination with antibiotics resulted in significant downregulation of the efflux pump genes (MexY, MexB, MexA) and QS-regulated genes (lasR, lasI, rhll, rhlR, pqsA, pqsR) in comparison to the untreated isolate. TDN can increase the therapeutic efficacy of traditional antibiotics by affecting efflux pump expression and quorum-sensing genes controlling biofilm production.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Peptides

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Di Somma ◽  
Antonio Moretta ◽  
Carolina Canè ◽  
Arianna Cirillo ◽  
Angela Duilio
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Planktonic Bacteria ◽  
Hostile Environments

The increasing onset of multidrug-resistant bacteria has propelled microbiology research towards antimicrobial peptides as new possible antibiotics from natural sources. Antimicrobial peptides are short peptides endowed with a broad range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are less prone to trigger resistance. Besides their activity against planktonic bacteria, many antimicrobial peptides also show antibiofilm activity. Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature, having the ability to adhere to virtually any surface, either biotic or abiotic, including medical devices, causing chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. The biofilm matrix protects bacteria from hostile environments, thus contributing to the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are very difficult to treat, with options restricted to the use of large doses of antibiotics or the removal of the infected device. Antimicrobial peptides could represent good candidates to develop new antibiofilm drugs as they can act at different stages of biofilm formation, on disparate molecular targets and with various mechanisms of action. These include inhibition of biofilm formation and adhesion, downregulation of quorum sensing factors, and disruption of the pre-formed biofilm. This review focuses on the proprieties of antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptides, with a particular emphasis on their mechanism of action, reporting several examples of peptides that over time have been shown to have activity against biofilm.

scholarly journals Peptide Mix from Olivancillaria hiatula Interferes with Cell-to-Cell Communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Edward Ntim Gasu ◽  
Hubert Senanu Ahor ◽  
Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Swarming Motility

Bacteria in biofilms are encased in an extracellular polymeric matrix that limits exposure of microbial cells to lethal doses of antimicrobial agents, leading to resistance. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm formation is regulated by cell-to-cell communication, called quorum sensing. Quorum sensing facilitates a variety of bacterial physiological functions such as swarming motility and protease, pyoverdine, and pyocyanin productions. Peptide mix from the marine mollusc, Olivancillaria hiatula, has been studied for its antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microscopy and microtiter plate-based assays were used to evaluate biofilm inhibitory activities. Effect of the peptide mix on quorum sensing-mediated processes was also evaluated. Peptide mix proved to be a good antibiofilm agent, requiring less than 39 μg/mL to inhibit 50% biofilm formation. Micrographs obtained confirmed biofilm inhibition at 1/2 MIC whereas 2.5 mg/mL was required to degrade preformed biofilm. There was a marked attenuation in quorum sensing-mediated phenotypes as well. At 1/2 MIC of peptide, the expression of pyocyanin, pyoverdine, and protease was inhibited by 60%, 72%, and 54%, respectively. Additionally, swarming motility was repressed by peptide in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the peptide mix from Olivancillaria hiatula probably inhibits biofilm formation by interfering with cell-to-cell communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Removing Legionella pneumophila and biofilms from water supply systems using plant essential oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Ozgur Ceylan ◽  
Bulent Turasay
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Thyme Oil ◽  
Lemon Oil

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and lemon (Citrus limonum) essential oils (EOs), supplied as commercial preparations, were investigated on Legionella pneumophila. Results showed that all EOs had antibacterial activity. Lemon oil demonstrated the best activity, with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration values detected as 0.83–1.25 and 1.25–3.75 μL/mL, respectively. Antibiofilm activities of EOs were studied in two ways: (1) inhibition of biofilm formation at subMIC concentrations; and (2) eradication of preformed biofilms at MIC and subMIC concentrations. The highest biofilm inhibition values were 63.3, 45.5, 35.6 and 23%, and the highest eradication values were 34.2, 16.7, 39.4 and 31.9% for lemon oil, peppermint oil, sage oil and thyme oil, respectively. Lemon oil was detected to have the highest antibiofilm activity, as with antibacterial activity. The minimum antibiofilm activity was found for thyme oil. For all the EOs, the inhibition of biofilm formation was higher than the eradication of preformed biofilms at the same concentrations. The results suggested that EOs of lemon, peppermint, sage and thyme had the potential for being used in the removal of L. pneumophila from potable water systems, due to their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities.

scholarly journals Antibiofilm Activity of Chilean Propolis onStreptococcus mutansIs Influenced by the Year of Collection

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Jesús Veloz ◽  
Nicolás Saavedra ◽  
Alexis Lillo ◽  
Marysol Alvear ◽  
Leticia Barrientos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Total Polyphenols

The chemical composition of propolis varies according to factors that could have an influence on its biological properties. Polyphenols from propolis have demonstrated an inhibitory effect onStreptococcus mutansgrowth. However, it is not known if different years of propolis collection may affect its activity. We aimed to elucidate if the year of collection of propolis influences its activity onStreptococcus mutans. Polyphenol-rich extracts were prepared from propolis collected in three different years, characterized by LC-MS and quantified the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids groups. Finally, was evaluated the antibacterial effect onStreptococcus mutansand the biofilm formation. Qualitative differences were observed in total polyphenols, flavones, and flavonols and the chemical composition between the extracts, affecting the strength of inhibition of biofilm formation but not the antimicrobial assays. In conclusion, chemical composition of propolis depends on the year of collection and influences the strength of the inhibition of biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Nicolás Gómez-Sequeda ◽  
Marlon Cáceres ◽  
Elena E. Stashenko ◽  
William Hidalgo ◽  
Claudia Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Infections

The emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms represents a global challenge due to the lack of new effective antimicrobial agents. In this sense, essential oils (EOs) are an alternative to be considered because of their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antibiofilm biological activities. Therefore, multiple efforts have been made to consider the potential use of EOs in the treatment of infections which are caused by resistant microorganisms. In this study, 15 EOs of both Colombian and introduced aromatic plants were evaluated against pathogenic strains of E. coli O157:H7 and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in planktonic and sessile states in order to identify relevant and promising alternatives for the treatment of microbial infections. Forty different compounds were identified in the 15 EO with nine of them constituted mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes (OM). EOs from Lippia origanoides, chemotypes thymol, and carvacrol, displayed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 (MIC50 = 0.9 and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively) and MRSA (MIC50 = 1.2 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). These compounds from EOs had also the highest antibiofilm activity (inhibition percentage > 70.3%). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), changes in the size and morphology of both bacteria were observed when they were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of L. origanoides EO carvacrol chemotype. EOs from L. origanoides, thymol, and carvacrol chemotypes represented a viable alternative for the treatment of microbial infections; however, the Selectivity Index (SI ≤ 3) indicated that it was necessary to study alternatives to reduce its in vitro cytotoxicity.

Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activity of Metal Schiff Base Complex and Probiotics Against Planktonic- and Biofilm-Growing Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Hassanzadeh ◽  
Sudabeh Ebrahimi ◽  
Sara Ganjloo ◽  
Saeid Amel Jamehdar ◽  
Samaneh Dolatabadi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Schiff Base ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Schiff Base Complex ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Base Complex

Introduction: The biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to protect the bacteria from antibiotics since these entities are highly resistant to such antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Lactobacillus salivarus, Lactobacillus plantarum supernatants and CuII Schiff base complex in eliminating planktonic cells and biofilm of P. aeruginosa. Methods: : One hundred specimens of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, respiratory samples, and wound swabs were collected from patients attending three hospitals in Mashhad. All specimens were identified by biochemical tests. The susceptibility of the isolates to the conventional antibiotics were assessed using disk diffusion method. The biofilm formation ability of P. aeruginosa isolates was evaluated by crystal violet assay and confirmed using PCR. The anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm ability of L. salivarus, L. plantarum supernatants and CuII Schiff base complex was evaluated separately in P. aeruginosa isolates. Results and Conclusion: The highest and lowest resistance rates was detected in Cefazoline (95%) and cefepime (23%), respectively. The thickest biofilm was produced by 8% of P. aeruginosa isolates, 9% and 83% of the isolates were considered as moderate and weak biofilm producers, respectively. The rhlR and lasR genes was reported in 100% of the isolates, but algD gene was existence in 92% of them. Particularly, the CuII Schiff base complex could affect both planktonic and biofilm cells by the lowest concentration in comparison of probiotic supernatants. L. plantarum supernatant inhibited planktonic cells at a lower concentration than L. salivarius. Also, L. salivarius showed better antibiofilm activity than another probiotic in lower doses of supernatant. Unlike that these compounds have not completely eliminated biofilm cells, but only reduced the biofilm formation.Metal Schiff base complex and Lactobacillus supernatants is a potent antimicrobial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm cells.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of a Recombinant Fragment of β-Thymosin of Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Spinello ◽  
Maria Cusimano ◽  
Domenico Schillaci ◽  
Luigi Inguglia ◽  
Giampaolo Barone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Peptide Fragment ◽  
Recombinant Fragment ◽  
Bacterial Membranes

With the aim to obtain new antimicrobials against important pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we focused on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from Echinoderms. An example of such peptides is Paracentrin 1 (SP1), a chemically synthesised peptide fragment of a sea urchin thymosin. In the present paper, we report on the biological activity of a Paracentrin 1 derivative obtained by recombination. The recombinant paracentrin RP1, in comparison to the synthetic SP1, is 22 amino acids longer and it was considerably more active against the planktonic forms of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 at concentrations of 50 µg/mL. Moreover, it was able to inhibit biofilm formation of staphylococcal and P. aeruginosa strains at concentrations equal to 5.0 and 10.7 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations allowed to rationalise the results of the experimental investigations, providing atomistic insights on the binding of RP1 toward models of mammalian and bacterial cell membranes. Overall, the results obtained point out that RP1 shows a remarkable preference for bacterial membranes, in excellent agreement with the antibacterial activity, highlighting the promising potential of using the tested peptide as a template for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

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