scholarly journals Susceptibility and Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Cloacal Swabs of Live Broiler Chickens in Bangladesh

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muha. Ajijur Rahman Al Azad ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Ruhul Amin ◽  
Mst. Ismat Ara Begum ◽  
Reinhard Fries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh, where there is a paucity of information on resistance patterns and prevalence of antimicrobial determinants. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of resistance, including multi-drug resistance (MDR), and the associated genetic determinants in Escherichia coli isolates from cloacal swabs of live broiler chickens in Bangladesh. Altogether, 400 cloacal swabs (200 from Rajshahi and 200 from Dhaka divisions) were randomly collected from individual chickens in 50 broiler farms. E. coli was isolated and identified using conventional bacteriological culture and biochemical methods. The isolates were further confirmed using genus-specific 16S rRNAtargeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and MDR of the isolates against nine different antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, colistin sulphate, and streptomycin) were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Resistance determinants of E. coli to ampicillin (blaTEM), streptomycin (aadA1), erythromycin [ere(A)], trimethoprim (dfrA1), and tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B)] were screened using PCR. Our results showed that all swab samples were positive for E. coli. The isolates were uniformly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The isolates exhibited highest susceptibility to colistin sulphate (73.5%), followed by gentamicin (49%), and levofloxacin (17%). All isolates were resistant to three classes of antibiotics, 204 isolates (51%) were resistant to four classes, and 56 isolates (14%) were resistant to five. The highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance gene was recorded for tetracycline (tet(A):95.25%; tet(B):95.25%) followed by ampicillin (blaTEM:91.25%), streptomycin (aadA1:88.25%), erythromycin (ere(A):84.75%), and trimethoprim (dfrA1:65.5%). In conclusion, surveillance for MDR bacteria in poultry is a critical piece of knowledge, which would be useful for optimizing empiric antimicrobial treatments and exploring alternative antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of non-clinical Escherichia coli strains from chicken in Nsukka, South-east Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
K. F. Chah ◽  
S. C. Okafor ◽  
S. I. Oboegbulem
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study was carried out to determine resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinically healthy chickens in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. A total of 324 E. coli strains isolated from cloaca swabs from 390 chickens were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. The antibiotics used in the study were: ampicillin (25µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), Streptomycin (30µg). cefuroxime (20µg), cephalexin (10µg), nalidixic acid (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg), norfloxacin (10µg), ofloxacin (5µg), pefloxacin (5µg), tetracycline (30µg), chloramphenicol (10µg), cotrimoxazole (50µg), colistin (25µg) and nitrofurantoin (100µg).The strains demonstrated high rates of resistance (34.6%  66.1%) to ampicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. None of the isolates was resistant to colistin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin. For each antimicrobial agent (except cephalexin), strains from the intensively reared chickens (layers and broilers) displayed higher resistance frequencies than those from the local birds. A total of 49 resistant patterns were recorded for the 228 strains resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, with AmTeCoS and AmTeCfN being the predominant patterns. Because of the great variation in the drug resistance patterns of the Escherichia coli strains, use of antimicrobial agents in the management of E. coli infections in the study area should be based on results of sensitivity tests.

scholarly journals Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6566-6576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa S. Diarra ◽  
Fred G. Silversides ◽  
Fatoumata Diarrassouba ◽  
Jane Pritchard ◽  
Luke Masson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Feed Supplementation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Class 1

ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), bla TEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for bla CMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.

scholarly journals Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Raouia Ben Rhouma ◽  
Ahlem Jouini ◽  
Amira Klibi ◽  
Safa Hamrouni ◽  
Aziza Boubaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1

The purpose of this study was to identify <em>Escherichia coli</em> isolates in diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia and characterise their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. In the 2014-2015 period, 60 faecal samples from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits were collected from different breeding farms in Tunisia. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by disc diffusion method and the mechanisms of gene resistance were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Forty <em>E. coli</em> isolates were recovered in selective media. High frequency of resistance to tetracycline (95%) was detected, followed by different levels of resistance to sulphonamide (72.5%), streptomycin (62.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%), nalidixic acid (32.5%), ampicillin (37.5%) and ticarcillin (35%). <em>E. coli</em> strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Different variants of bla<sub>TEM</sub>, <em>tet</em>, <em>sul</em> genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphonamide, respectively. The presence of class 1 integron was studied in 29 sulphonamide-resistant <em>E. coli</em> strains from which 15 harboured class 1 integron with four different arrangements of gene cassettes, <em>dfrA17</em>+<em>aadA5</em> (n=9), <em>dfrA1</em> + <em>aadA1</em> (n=4), <em>dfrA12</em> + <em>addA2</em> (n=1), <em>dfrA12</em>+<em>orf</em>+<em>addA2</em> (n=1). The <em>qnrB</em> gene was detected in six strains out of 13 quinolone-resistant <em>E. coli</em> strains. Seventeen <em>E. coli</em> isolates from diarrhoeic rabbits harboured the enteropathogenic eae genes associated with different virulence genes tested (<em>fimA</em>, <em>cnf1</em>, <em>aer</em>), and affiliated to B2 (n=8) and D (n=9) phylogroups. Isolated <em>E. coli</em> strains from healthy rabbit were harbouring <em>fim A</em> and/or <em>cnf1</em> genes and affiliated to A and B1 phylogroups. This study showed that <em>E. coli</em> strains from the intestinal tract of rabbits are resistant to the widely prescribed antibiotics in medicine. Therefore, they constitute a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes, which may play a significant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the eae virulence gene seemed to be implicated in diarrhoea in breeder rabbits in Tunisia.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nelson Phiri ◽  
Geoffrey Mainda ◽  
Mercy Mukuma ◽  
Ntazana N. Sinyangwe ◽  
Luke J. Banda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Open Markets

Objective: Salmonella species and Escherichia coli are major bacterial enteropathogens of worldwide public health importance that cause devastating foodborne diseases, thereby contributing to increased human morbidity and mortality. Both pathogens have also been found to contribute towards the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain, especially in poultry. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. and E. coli in broiler chickens at farm level, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in seven districts of Zambia to determine the resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. and E. coli obtained from broiler chickens at farms, abattoirs, and open markets. A total of 470 samples were collected which include; litter, cloacal swabs, and carcass swabs. Samples were inoculated into buffered peptone water and incubated for 24 hours then sub-cultured onto MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar plates. Identification of Salmonella spp. and E. coli was done using the API-20E kit and confirmation by 16S rDNA sequencing. Confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 09 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data analysis of the antibiotic sensitivity test results was done using WHONET 2018 software.Results: Overall, 4 Salmonella spp. and 280 E. coli were isolated. One of the Salmonella spp. was resistant to ampicillin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25%), and cefotaxime (25%). E. coli antibiotic resistance was highest to tetracycline (81.4%) and 100% susceptibility to imipenem. The antibiotic susceptibility profile revealed 75.7% (237/280) multidrug-resistant (MDR). The highest MDR profile was observed in 8.2% (23/280) isolates in which 6 out of the 9 classes of antibiotics tested were resistant. Out of the 280 isolates, 11.4% (32/280) exhibited Extensive Drug resistance (XDR).Conclusion: The study found antimicrobial resistance to E. coli and Salmonella spp. in market-ready broiler chickens which were resistant to important antibiotics and is of public health concern.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance, diarrheagenic and avian pathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli from poultry feed and the ingredients

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1968-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Rossato ◽  
B.G. Brito ◽  
R.K.T. Kobayashi ◽  
V.L. Koga ◽  
J.J.P. Sarmiento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phylogenetic Classification ◽  
Mar Index

ABSTRACT Diarrheagenic (DEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal infections (ExPEC), respectively. We aimed to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility, gene encoding virulence factors associated to DEC and APEC, and phylogenetic classification in E. coli isolated from 320 samples of feed and ingredients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index and Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were calculated. Phylogenetic classification was performed on samples harboring DEC and/or APEC virulence-associated genes. A total of 110 E. coli strains were isolated in 15% (49/320) of the evaluated inputs (n=13 vegetable meal; n=33 animal meal, n=3 feed). In general, the isolates showed the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance to sulfonamide and cefazolin and 18% (20/110) were multi-drug resistant. MAR index of feed samples was the highest (0.467). Six and five strains had APEC and DEC virulence-associated genes, respectively, and belonging to phylogenetic groups A and B1. These findings point to the need for strict microbiological control during the production process of these foods.

scholarly journals Impact of Antimicrobial Usage on Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli Strains Colonizing Broiler Chickens

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1404-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Smith ◽  
D. J. V. Drum ◽  
Y. Dai ◽  
J. M. Kim ◽  
S. Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistance Patterns

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli strains isolated from commercial broilers and an experimental flock of chickens were screened to determine phenotypic expression of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of drug resistance determinants. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of oxytetracycline, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin administration on the distribution of resistance determinants and strain types among intestinal commensal E. coli strains isolated from broiler chickens. We detected a high prevalence of resistance to drugs such as tetracycline (36 to 97%), sulfonamides (50 to 100%), and streptomycin (53 to 100%) in E. coli isolates from treated and untreated flocks. These isolates also had a high prevalence of class 1 integron carriage, and most of them possessed the streptomycin resistance cassette, aadA1. In order to investigate the contribution of E. coli strain distribution to the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the resistance determinants, isolates from each flock were DNA fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) PCR. Although very diverse E. coli strain types were detected, four ERIC strain types were present on all of the commercial broiler farms, and two of the strains were also found in the experimental flocks. Each E. coli strain consisted of both susceptible and antimicrobial agent-resistant isolates. In some instances, isolates of the same E. coli strain expressed the same drug resistance patterns although they harbored different tet determinants or streptomycin resistance genes. Therefore, drug resistance patterns could not be explained solely by strain prevalence, indicating that mobile elements contributed significantly to the prevalence of resistance.

scholarly journals Genotypic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Pigs in Hubei, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Li ◽  
Zewen Liu ◽  
Ningning Wang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Ting Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
E Coli

Abstract BackgroundIntestinal infections with Escherichia coli (E. coli) are mostly occur in piglets between 1~10 days old, which major lead to diarrhea and edema in newborn piglets. These diseases caused by E. coli can increase mortality, morbidity and growth delay of piglets, which are responsible for economic losses. In this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, transmission mechanisms, and molecular epidemiology of E. coli strains isolated from pig farms in Hubei province. Furthermore, clonal and genetic diversity of isolates were identified. ResultsA total of 29 E. coli isolates were obtained from fecal of weaned piglets from Hubei province. The E. coli isolates in different regions demonstrate different genetic diversity. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) presented that ST165 was the common sequence type, accounting for 27.6% of all E. coli isolates, followed by ST744, ST1081, ST101 and ST10. All of the isolates were resistant to the tested antibiotics to vary degrees, and more than 80% of E. coli isolates presented high resistance rates to ampicillin, lincomycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, sulfaisoxazole and ampicillin. There was one E. coli strain that was resistant to the fifteen antimicrobial agents tested. Overall, most of the isolates were conferring resistance to 5-7 antimicrobial agents tested.ConclusionsOur study reported E. coli isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and explores the genetic diversity of E. coli isolated from swine-origin. From the results obtained it can be concluded that these isolates present high prevalent multi-drug resistance. These data provide a greater understanding of the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli.

scholarly journals Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Chickens in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Talebiyan ◽  
Mehdi Kheradmand ◽  
Faham Khamesipour ◽  
Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Commercial Broiler

Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused byEscherichia coliinfections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenicEscherichia coli(APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistantE. coliamong diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolates of Broiler Chickens at Slaughter in Alberta, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2045-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHUNU MAINALI ◽  
MARGARET McFALL ◽  
ROBIN KING ◽  
REBECCA IRWIN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bench Mark ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Baseline Information

This study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Alberta, Canada. Cecal contents of broiler chickens from 24 flocks were collected at slaughter between January and March 2005 for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing against a panel of 15 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. Of 600 E. coli isolates tested, 475 (79.2%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, 326 (54.3%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, 65 (10.8%) were resistant to five or more antimicrobials, and 15 (2.5%) were resistant to seven or more antimicrobials. The most common resistance was to tetracycline (69.2%), followed by streptomycin (48.2%), kanamycin (40.3%), and sulfisoxazole (38.0%). None of the E. coli isolates were resistant to amikacin, ceftriaxone, or ciprofloxacin. Of the isolates that were resistant to two or more antimicrobials, the most common multidrug resistance patterns were streptomycin-tetracycline (44.0%), streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (30.7%), and kanamycin-streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (23.5%). Resistance to tetracycline and kanamycin (odds ratio = 46.7, P = 0.0001) was highly associated, followed by resistance to streptomycin and sulfisoxazole (odds ratio = 12.0, P = 0.0001), and streptomycin and tetracycline (odds ratio = 10.3, P = 0.0001). The flock level prevalence of resistance varied from 16.7% for chloramphenicol to 100.0% for ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The results of this study provided baseline information on antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates of broiler chickens at slaughter in Alberta, which can serve as a bench mark for future research.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs and open markets in selected districts of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Phiri ◽  
Geoffrey Mainda ◽  
Mercy Mukuma ◽  
Ntazana N. Sinyangwe ◽  
Luke John Banda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Open Markets

AbstractSalmonella species and Escherichia coli are major bacterial enteropathogens of global public health importance that cause foodborne diseases, thereby contributing to increased human morbidity and mortality. Both pathogens have also been found to contribute towards the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain, especially in poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella sp. and E. coli in broiler chickens at farm level, abattoirs and open markets in selected districts of Zambia. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in seven districts of Zambia to determine the resistance profiles of Salmonella sp. and E. coli obtained from broiler chickens at farms, abattoirs and open markets. A total of 470 samples were collected, including litter, cloacal swabs and carcass swabs. Samples were inoculated into buffered peptone water, sub-cultured onto MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar plates. Identification of Salmonella sp. and E. coli was done using the API-20E kit and confirmation by 16S rDNA sequencing. Confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 10 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Analysis of the antibiotic susceptibility test results was done using WHONET 2018 software. Overall, 4 Salmonella spp. and 280 E. coli were isolated. One of the Salmonella sp. was resistant to ampicillin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25%) and cefotaxime (25%). E. coli antibiotic resistance was highest to tetracycline (81.4%) and lowest to imipenem (0.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility profile revealed 55% (154/280) multidrug resistant E. coli, with the highest multidrug resistance profile (20.7%) in the ampicillin-tetracycline-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug combination. Furthermore, 4.3% (12/280) of the isolates showed Extensive Drug resistance. The levels of antimicrobial resistance to E. coli and Salmonella observed in market-ready chickens is of public health concern.

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