scholarly journals Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 887
Author(s):  
Josephine Trichka ◽  
Wen-Quan Zou
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Microbial Metabolite ◽  
The Past

The process of neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenic mechanism of many neurodegenerative diseases. The deleterious attributes of neuroinflammation involve aberrant and uncontrolled activation of glia, which can result in damage to proximal brain parenchyma. Failure to distinguish self from non-self, as well as leukocyte reaction to aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the CNS, are the primary mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is initiated. While processes local to the CNS may instigate neurodegenerative disease, the existence or dysregulation of systemic homeostasis can also serve to improve or worsen CNS pathologies, respectively. One fundamental component of systemic homeostasis is the gut microbiota, which communicates with the CNS via microbial metabolite production, the peripheral nervous system, and regulation of tryptophan metabolism. Over the past 10–15 years, research focused on the microbiota–gut–brain axis has culminated in the discovery that dysbiosis, or an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria, can promote CNS pathologies. Conversely, a properly regulated and well-balanced microbiome supports CNS homeostasis and reduces the incidence and extent of pathogenic neuroinflammation. This review will discuss the role of the gut microbiota in exacerbating or alleviating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, and potential microbiota-based therapeutic approaches to reduce pathology in diseased states.

scholarly journals Small RNAs, Big Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Rzeszutek ◽  
Aditi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Related Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

The past two decades have seen extensive research done to pinpoint the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) that have led to discovering thousands of miRNAs in humans. It is not, therefore, surprising to see many of them implicated in a number of common as well as rare human diseases. In this review article, we summarize the progress in our understanding of miRNA-related research in conjunction with different types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their potential in generating more reliable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4630
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kulczyńska-Przybik ◽  
Piotr Mroczko ◽  
Maciej Dulewicz ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals The Role of Microbiome in Personalized Healthcare

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Daria Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Brain Functions

The link between nutrition and human diseases has always been recognized, but only with modern molecular genetic analysis tools, the role of the gut microbiome including gastrointestinal tract function on neurodegenerative diseases has become obvious. Gut microbiota significantly influences metabolic and immune responses of the host organism, and thus, dietor infection-related imbalances (dysbiosis) of the gut microbiota disrupt the local and systemic homeostasis and often lead to digestive diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), type II diabetes, obesity, as well as neurological diseases. The association of the gastrointestinal tract diseases with neurodegenerative diseases, as well as mental and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism, and schizophrenia has been described. This interaction is called the gut-brain axis and represents one of the most relevant targets for the treatment of IBD and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. One of the most important regulators of this axis is the gut microbiota and its metabolites, which influence brain functions via the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve, and enteric nervous system. We are studying the importance of gut microbiota and their metabolites in immune and glial/microglial reaction in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, to provide valuable insights into the functional potential of the microbiome on the gut-brain axis via specific metabolites. We combine several modern techniques, including molecular manipulations, advanced cellular imaging techniques, and behavioral approaches, to address additional systems-level questions.

scholarly journals Novel Insights Into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies of Hepatic Encephalopathy, From the Gut Microbiota Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachen Liu ◽  
Yantao Xu ◽  
Bimei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Probiotic Intervention

Since the 1950s, gradual changes in the gut microbiota of patients with hepatic encephalopathy have been observed. Previous research has indicated potential associations between the gut and brain, and the gut microbiota is becoming a hot topic in research on diseases of the nervous system. However, for the past few decades, studies of hepatic encephalopathy have been restricted to controlling the gut microbiota during macroscopic manipulation, such as probiotic intervention, while its clinical use remains controversial, and the cellular mechanisms underlying this condition are still poorly understood. This thesis seeks to comprehensively understand and explain the role of gut microbiota in hepatic encephalopathy as well as analyze the effects of intervention by regulating the gut microbiota. Evidence is presented that shows that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is the primary pathological driver of hepatic encephalopathy and impacts pathologic progression via complex regulatory networks. As a result, suggestions were identified for future mechanistic research and improvements in therapeutic strategies for hepatic encephalopathy.

scholarly journals The emerging role of mechanical and topographical factors in the development and treatment of nervous system disorders: dark and light sides of the force

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Bryniarska-Kubiak ◽  
Andrzej Kubiak ◽  
Małgorzata Lekka ◽  
Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
System Disease ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Topographical Factors ◽  
New Treatment

AbstractNervous system diseases are the subject of intensive research due to their association with high mortality rates and their potential to cause irreversible disability. Most studies focus on targeting the biological factors related to disease pathogenesis, e.g. use of recombinant activator of plasminogen in the treatment of stroke. Nevertheless, multiple diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease still lack successful treatment. Recently, evidence has indicated that physical factors such as the mechanical properties of cells and tissue and topography play a crucial role in homeostasis as well as disease progression. This review aims to depict these factors’ roles in the progression of nervous system diseases and consequently discusses the possibility of new therapeutic approaches. The literature is reviewed to provide a deeper understanding of the roles played by physical factors in nervous system disease development to aid in the design of promising new treatment approaches. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Changes in peripheral nervous system at participants of accident consequences elimination in Chernobyl APP and population of the Tomsk northern industrial center

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Ya. V. Porovsky ◽  
V. I. Zhankova ◽  
A. I. Ryzhov ◽  
Ye. V. Kalyanov ◽  
F. F. Tetenev
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Radiochemical Plant ◽  
Chemical Complex ◽  
Tomsk Region ◽  
Industrial Center ◽  
Sensory Polyneuropathy ◽  
Siberian Chemical

A clinical, electroneuromyographic (ENMG) and pathomorphological investigation of 19 eliminators of accident consequences (EAC) in Chernobyl APP in 1986 and 27 Tomsk region inhabitants living in the accident area that has taken place at radiochemical plant of Siberian Chemical Complex in 1993 has been made with the aim of the influence study of low ionizing radiation levels on the peripheral nervous system. Symptoms of sensory polyneuropathy prevailed in both groups clinically. Mixed affection type has been found at EAC by ENGM method, affection of myelinic nerve fibre membrane has been found at people living in accident trace area. Morphofunctional changes in skin allow considering the role of immune system in mechanisms of neuroglial and neuronal damages, distant by time.

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