scholarly journals Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Paola Modesto ◽  
Chiara Grazia De Ciucis ◽  
Walter Vencia ◽  
Maria Concetta Pugliano ◽  
Walter Mignone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Pathogenicity Genes ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Shed Light

Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that haspushed them towards urbanized areas, facilitating the human–wildlife interface and the spread of infectious diseases from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. Therefore, it is important to know the serotype, antimicrobial resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) isolated in species. From 2013 to 2018, we analyzed the liver of 4890 wild boars hunted in Liguria region; we isolated and serotyped 126 Ye positive samples. A decisive role in the pathogenicity is given by the presence of virulence genes; in Ye isolated we found ystB (~70%), ymoA (45.2%), ail (43.6%) and ystA (~20%). Moreover, we evaluated the susceptibility at various antimicrobic agents (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Ceftiofur and Tetracycline). The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, and we found a time-dependent increase. It is important to shed light on the role of the wild boars as a reserve of potentially dangerous diseases for humans, and also on the antibiotic resistance that represents a public health problem.

scholarly journals Antimicrobials and Food-Related Stresses as Selective Factors for Antibiotic Resistance along the Farm to Fork Continuum

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Federica Giacometti ◽  
Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski ◽  
Susana Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Cross Adaptation ◽  
Novel Approaches

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem and there has been growing concern associated with its widespread along the animal–human–environment interface. The farm-to-fork continuum was highlighted as a possible reservoir of AMR, and a hotspot for the emergence and spread of AMR. However, the extent of the role of non-antibiotic antimicrobials and other food-related stresses as selective factors is still in need of clarification. This review addresses the use of non-antibiotic stressors, such as antimicrobials, food-processing treatments, or even novel approaches to ensure food safety, as potential drivers for resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The co-selection and cross-adaptation events are covered, which may induce a decreased susceptibility of foodborne bacteria to antibiotics. Although the available studies address the complexity involved in these phenomena, further studies are needed to help better understand the real risk of using food-chain-related stressors, and possibly to allow the establishment of early warnings of potential resistance mechanisms.

The role of organizational culture in normalizing paramedic exposure to violence

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Mausz ◽  
Mandy Johnston ◽  
Elizabeth Anne Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Urban Service ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Constructivist Epistemology ◽  
Inductive Thematic Analysis ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose Violence against paramedics is a complex – but underreported – problem. Extant research suggests organizational culture may play a role in sustaining cultural norms that downplay the significance and limit reporting. The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively explore paramedics’ experience with violence, with particular emphasis on understanding how organizational culture contributes to under-reporting. Design/methodology/approach The authors surveyed paramedics from a single, large, urban service in Ontario, Canada, asking participants to describe their experiences with violence, including whether – and why or why not – the incidents were reported. Within a constructivist epistemology, we used inductive thematic analysis with successive rounds of coding to identify and then define features of organizational culture that limit reporting. Findings A total of 196 (33% of eligible) paramedics completed the survey. Fully 98% of participants disclosed having experienced some form of violence; however, only a minority (40%) reported the incidents to management, or the police (21%). The authors defined a framework within which a lack of support from management, and consequences for offenders, implicitly positions the ability of paramedics to “brush off” violent encounters as an expected professional competency. Disclosing emotional or psychological distress in response to violent encounters invited questions as to whether the individual is personally suited to paramedic work. Originality/value While the extant research has indicated that underreporting is a problem, the findings shed light on why – a critical first step in addressing what has been described as a serious public health problem.

The role of BCG in prevention of tuberculosis and the strategies to improve its immunogenicity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Deadly Disease ◽  
A Current

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem and the main cause of death from the infectious diseases worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a causative agent of tuberculosis, is the oldest known human pathogen. The only available TB vaccine, BCG, was first administered in 1921 and since then remains the only protecting tool against TB. Yet, its efficacy is limited and there is an urgent need to design and produce a novel vaccine that will protect against this deadly disease in the era of emerging problems with antibiotic resistance. In this review a current, global TB situation is outlined and the characteristics of BCG are presented. Finally, the strategies leading to generation of BCG variants providing improved protecting efficacy are shortly described.

scholarly journals Role of different wastewater treatment plants in antibiotic resistance spreading

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Bonetta ◽  
C Pignata ◽  
S a Bonetta ◽  
E Gasparro ◽  
E Lorenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
One Health ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Cycle

Abstract The global action plan on antimicrobial resistance reports the necessity to develop standards and guidance for the presence of antimicrobial agents in the environment, especially in wastewater, highlighting its possible role in the antibiotic resistance spreading. In addition, the New European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance underlines the need to support research into knowledge gaps on the release of resistant microorganisms into the environment and their dissemination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria (ARB) and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). At this scope, untreated sewage and treated effluents of three different WWTPs (A, B and C) were sampled for one year. Sample dilutions were plated on R2Agar added/not-added with 4 different antibiotics (ampicillin 32mg/L; tetracycline 16 mg/L; chloramphenicol 32 mg/L; sulfamethoxazole 50,4 mg/L) to evaluate the percentage of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their WWTPs removal rate (%). DNA extraction on the filter used to concentrate the wastewater samples was performed to reveal the ARG presence; subsequently specific PCRs for ARG (blaTEM, tetA, sul II, sul III) were carried out. ARB were detected in all samples analysed. The highest antibiotic resistance percentage was revealed in the sewage (mean 21,7%±4,8) and effluent (mean 21,1%±3,0) of the three wastewater treatment plants for sulfamethoxazole. Moreover, sul II was the most present gene in the samples (81% of all samples, 89 % of sewages and 72% of effluents). The lower WWTPs removal was recovered in the plant B for the tetracycline (95, 7%). The results obtained underlines the need to monitor WWTP as critical hot spot for the antibiotic resistance spreading also considering the One Health approach. Furthermore, the results obtained could suggest interventions to reduce the spread of the antibiotic resistance in the integrated urban water cycle. Key messages The information obtained could provide usefulness information about the role of wastewater treatment plant in the antibiotic resistance spreading. The results could contribute to suggest the interventions targeted to reduce the antibiotic resistance phenomenon in the integrated urban water cycle.

scholarly journals "Supplying the Public with a Comprehensive Telegraph System": Switzerland and Telegraphic Communication, 1860-1915

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Wenzlhuemer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Shed Light

Historical research has recently discovered its interest in the study of transregional and global networks of communication and their significance for the so-called “shrinking of the world”. In this context, the emergence and the role of a global telegraph network since the middle of the nineteenth century has started to attract scholarly attention. The foundations of this network have mostly been laid by actors from the United Kingdom, the United States, and other important colonial powers. The role of smaller European or non-European states and their position in the emerging global network has rarely been examined. Switzerland usually only enters this discussion as the host of the International Telegraph Union (ITU), which played a decisive role in the development of international telegraphic standards. However, Switzerland’s role within the network and the ways Swiss actors made use of telegraphic communication during the nineteenth century have not been studied so far. This study seeks to fill this gap by examining the development of telegraphy in Switzerland as well as the position of the country within a wider European and global communication network. It looks at a number of markers regarding telegraphic development in Switzerland, both from a structural and from a use perspective. The overall goal is to test how well-developed the Swiss telegraph network was during the period of observation and how the country compares to other European (and some non-European) countries. It aims to shed light on how Switzerland was structurally integrated into a wider European and global network, and on how intensively the existing infrastructure was put to use. Furthermore, the study aims to reveal what other countries across the globe the Swiss chose to communicate with telegraphically.

scholarly journals The role of antimicrobial therapy stewardship in intensive care service

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Rudnov ◽  
G.B. Kolotova ◽  
Vladimir A. Bagin ◽  
N.N. Nevskaya ◽  
D.V. Belsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Internet Resource ◽  
Large Hospital ◽  
Current Trends

An analysis of current trends in the prevalence of nosocomial infections, their etiology and antibiotic resistance in pathogens was performed. Social and economic consequences of antimicrobial resistance as well as a medical community’s response were shown. A role of the AMRmap Internet resource in monitoring antibiotic resistance in Russia was demonstrated. The results of our own approaches to the antimicrobial therapy stewardship in the intensive care service of a large hospital were evaluated.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Bacteriophages in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Sankar P
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Near Future

The prognosis of many diseases in the present circumstances is often dubious or uncertain. The reason for the present - day state is the consequences of reckless role of human mankind towards nature and irresponsible use antibiotics since when the antibiotics were discovered. The health of the human beings and livestock in the near future remains obscure If the same situation prevails. Hence, the decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics warrants the exploration of novel strategies and elements to combat the emerging antimicrobial resistance globally. Bacteriophages are one such alternate for antibiotics which can be commendably used in various fields like therapeutics, bio fe rmentation, food processing etc.

scholarly journals EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE OF BIOFILMS IN THE FORMATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Olexandra Kovalenko ◽  
Yaroslav Kizim ◽  
Natalia Voroshylova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substance ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Main Form ◽  
Polymeric Substance ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Permanent Formation

Abstract. The analysis of modern literature data on the mechanisms of the formation of antibiotic resistance and the role of extracellular polymeric substance in biofilms, which are the main form of microbial existence. The role of extracellular polymeric substance in limiting of the effect of unfavorable factors as well as the regularity and necessity of its formation for the community of microorganisms were discussed. The position on the permanent character of phenotype dispersion of microorganisms is postulated. This dispersion doesn’t provide the formation of more resistant strains only, but plays the prominent role in the permanent formation of various forms, that aren’t viable under given conditions but play the role of a depot of building material for extracellular polymeric substance. The mass death of low-resistant forms caused by the action of the antibiotic ensures saturation of the extracellular polymeric substance by dechromatized DNA, that increases the resistance of the microbial socium and contributes to the further formation of multiresistance.

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