scholarly journals Do Gut Microbes Taste?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2581
Author(s):  
Ryan Leung ◽  
Mihai Covasa
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Gut microbiota has emerged as a major metabolically active organ with critical functions in both health and disease. The trillions of microorganisms hosted by the gastrointestinal tract are involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes including modulation of appetite and regulation of energy in the host spanning from periphery to the brain. Indeed, bacteria and their metabolic byproducts are working in concert with the host chemosensory signaling pathways to affect both short- and long-term ingestive behavior. Sensing of nutrients and taste by specialized G protein-coupled receptor cells is important in transmitting food-related signals, optimizing nutrition as well as in prevention and treatment of several diseases, notably obesity, diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. Further, bacteria metabolites interact with specialized receptors cells expressed by gut epithelium leading to taste and appetite response changes to nutrients. This review describes recent advances on the role of gut bacteria in taste perception and functions. It further discusses how intestinal dysbiosis characteristic of several pathological conditions may alter and modulate taste preference and food consumption via changes in taste receptor expression.

scholarly journals How Epigenetic Modifications Drive the Expression and Mediate the Action of PGC-1α in the Regulation of Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne I. Krämer ◽  
Christoph Handschin
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term

Epigenetic changes are a hallmark of short- and long-term transcriptional regulation, and hence instrumental in the control of cellular identity and plasticity. Epigenetic mechanisms leading to changes in chromatin structure, accessibility for recruitment of transcriptional complexes, and interaction of enhancers and promoters all contribute to acute and chronic adaptations of cells, tissues and organs to internal and external perturbations. Similarly, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is activated by stimuli that alter the cellular energetic demand, and subsequently controls complex transcriptional networks responsible for cellular plasticity. It thus is of no surprise that PGC-1α is under the control of epigenetic mechanisms, and constitutes a mediator of epigenetic changes in various tissues and contexts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the link between epigenetics and PGC-1α in health and disease.

scholarly journals Receptor Regulation in Taste: Can Diet Influence How We Perceive Foods?

J ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashkan Shahbandi ◽  
Ezen Choo ◽  
Robin Dando
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Regulation ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Receptor Sensitivity ◽  
Small Pilot Study ◽  
Monosodium Salt ◽  
The Impact

Taste buds are the dedicated sensory end organs of taste, comprising a complex and evolving profile of signaling elements. The sensation and ultimate perception of taste depends on the expression of a diverse array of receptors and channels that sense their respective tastes. Receptor regulation is a recognized and well-studied phenomenon in many systems, observed in opioid addiction, insulin resistance and caffeine tolerance. Results from human sensory studies suggest that receptor sensitivity or expression level may decrease after chronic exposure to respective tastants through diet. We review data supporting the theory that taste receptors may become downregulated with exposure to a specific tastant, along with presenting data from a small pilot study, showing the impact of long-term tastant exposure on taste receptor expression in mice. Mice treated with monosodium salt monohydrate (MSG), saccharin and NaCl (typically appetitive tastes) all displayed a significant decrease in mRNA expression for respective umami, sweet and salty receptors/sensory channels. Reduced sensitivity to appetitive tastes may promote overconsumption of foods high in such stimuli.

scholarly journals Effect of Maternal Nutrition on Cognitive Function of Children

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1644
Author(s):  
Victoria Arija ◽  
Josefa Canals
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Unborn Child ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The intrauterine environment and, specifically, the nutritional status of the mother are crucial factors that can have short and long-term consequences on the health and disease risk of an unborn child [...]

scholarly journals How Epigenetic Modifications Drive the Expression and Mediate the Action of PGC-1α In the Regulation of Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne I. Krämer ◽  
Christoph Handschin
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term

Epigenetic changes are a hallmark of short- and long-term transcriptional regulation, and hence instrumental in the control of cellular identity and plasticity. Epigenetic mechanisms leading to changes in chromatin structure, accessibility for recruitment of transcriptional complexes, and interaction of enhancers and promoters all contribute to acute and chronic adaptations of cells, tissues and organs to internal and external perturbations. Similarly, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is activated by stimuli that alter the cellular energetic demand, and subsequently controls complex transcriptional networks responsible for cellular plasticity. It thus is of no surprise that PGC-1α is under the control of epigenetic mechanisms, and constitutes a mediator of epigenetic changes in various tissues and contexts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the link between epigenetics and PGC-1α in health and disease.

Cholecystokinin and Gastrin Receptors

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlène Dufresne ◽  
Catherine Seva ◽  
Daniel Fourmy
Keyword(s):  
Structural Data ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Cholecystokinin Receptors ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) are G protein-coupled receptors that have been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years with corresponding advances in the understanding of their functioning and physiology. In this review, we first describe general properties of the receptors, such as the different signaling pathways used to exert short- and long-term effects and the structural data that explain their binding properties, activation, and regulation. We then focus on peripheral cholecystokinin receptors by describing their tissue distribution and physiological actions. Finally, pathophysiological peripheral actions of cholecystokinin receptors and their relevance in clinical disorders are reviewed.

The Microbiota and Malnutrition: Impact of Nutritional Status During Early Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gómez-Gallego ◽  
Izaskun García-Mantrana ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Costa ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Erika Isolauri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

According to the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, our health is determined by events experienced in utero and during early infancy. Indeed, both our prenatal and postnatal nutrition conditions have an impact on the initial architecture and activity of our microbiota. Recent evidence has underlined the importance of the composition of the early gut microbiota in relation to malnutrition, whether it be undernutrition or overnutrition, that is, in terms of both stunted and overweight development. It remains unclear how early microbial contact is linked to the risk of disease, as well as whether alterations in the microbiome underlie the pathogenesis of malnutrition or are merely the end result of it, which indicates that thequestion of causality must urgently be answered. This review provides information on the complex interaction between the microbiota and nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life, taking into account the impact of both undernutrition and overnutrition on the microbiota and on infants’ health outcomes in the short- and long-term.

Short- and long-term effects of para-chloroamphetamine on ingestive behavior

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Stein ◽  
M.J. Wayner ◽  
K.M. Kantak ◽  
R.C. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals First 1000 Days of Life: Consequences of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Aires
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Health Capital ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

The developmental origin of health and disease highlights the importance of the period of the first 1000 days (from conception to 2 years) of life. In particular, the process of gut microbiota establishment occurs within this time window. Therefore, determinants interfering with neonatal gut establishment may disrupt its physiological functions and potentially lead to negative health outcomes. Antibiotics are among perinatal determinants that can directly or indirectly affect the pattern of gut bacterial colonization, with a long-lasting impact on intestinal ecosystem functions. In this review, we will examine the impact of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota during the perinatal period and first years of life, a key interval for development of an individual’s health capital. Further, we will discuss the role of antibiotics during short- and long-term dysbiosis and their associated health consequences.

scholarly journals Extraoral bitter taste receptors in health and disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Cheng-Hai Zhang ◽  
Lawrence M. Lifshitz ◽  
Ronghua ZhuGe
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptors ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs) belong to the superfamily of seven-transmembrane G protein–coupled receptors, which are the targets of >50% of drugs currently on the market. Canonically, T2Rs are located in taste buds of the tongue, where they initiate bitter taste perception. However, accumulating evidence indicates that T2Rs are widely expressed throughout the body and mediate diverse nontasting roles through various specialized mechanisms. It has also become apparent that T2Rs and their polymorphisms are associated with human disorders. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathophysiological roles that extraoral T2Rs play in processes as diverse as innate immunity and reproduction, and the major challenges in this emerging field.

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