scholarly journals Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Diana Fiorentini ◽  
Concettina Cappadone ◽  
Giovanna Farruggia ◽  
Cecilia Prata
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Total Body

Magnesium plays an important role in many physiological functions. Habitually low intakes of magnesium and in general the deficiency of this micronutrient induce changes in biochemical pathways that can increase the risk of illness and, in particular, chronic degenerative diseases. The assessment of magnesium status is consequently of great importance, however, its evaluation is difficult. The measurement of serum magnesium concentration is the most commonly used and readily available method for assessing magnesium status, even if serum levels have no reliable correlation with total body magnesium levels or concentrations in specific tissues. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent insights into magnesium from multiple perspectives. Starting from a biochemical point of view, it aims at highlighting the risk due to insufficient uptake (frequently due to the low content of magnesium in the modern western diet), at suggesting strategies to reach the recommended dietary reference values, and at focusing on the importance of detecting physiological or pathological levels of magnesium in various body districts, in order to counteract the social impact of diseases linked to magnesium deficiency.

Magnesium and Diabetes: A Review

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. White ◽  
R. Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Magnesium Supplementation ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Total Body

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the potential link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and Hypomagnesemia, the methods used to assess magnesium status, and the potential benefits of magnesium repletion in hypomagnesemic patients with DM. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (key terms: magnesium and diabetes) was conducted to identify pertinent literature. STUDY SELECTION: All major clinical trials and most published case reports were reviewed. SYNTHESIS: Several studies have demonstrated a higher than expected frequency of magnesium deficiency in patients with DM. Hypomagnesemia may play a role in the development of retinopathy, altered glucose disposition, hypertension, abnormal platelet function, and other problems frequently observed in patients with DM. The lack of a widely available, accurate screening methodology is one of the main problems in assessing total body magnesium status. One study has suggested that hypomagnesemia in patients with DM may be related to enhanced urinary loss of magnesium. Several studies evaluating hypomagnesemia and glucose disposal have suggested a direct correlation between magnesium concentration and glucose disposal, with an improvement in glucose disposal with magnesium supplementation. It has been suggested that there is a relationship between hypomagnesemia and diabetic retinopathy; however, the effect of magnesium supplementation on the development of diabetic retinopathy has not been evaluated. Researchers evaluating the effect of magnesium on platelet aggregation have suggested that magnesium supplementation may reduce the incidence of vascular disease in hypomagnesemic patients with DM. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between hypomagnesemia and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Studies have suggested a link between hypomagnesemia and hyperglycemia, as well as an association between hypomagnesemia and the complications of DM. The American Diabetes Association has published a consensus statement suggesting that patients who have documented hypomagnesemia and DM receive magnesium supplementation.

scholarly journals Magnesium: Are We Consuming Enough?

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Razzaque
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Skeletal Deformities ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Total Body

Magnesium is essential for maintaining normal cellular and organ function. In-adequate magnesium balance is associated with various disorders, such as skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Unfortunately, routinely measured serum magnesium levels do not always reflect total body magnesium status. Thus, normal blood magnesium levels eclipse the wide-spread magnesium deficiency. Other magnesium measuring methods, including the magnesium loading test, may provide more accurate reflections of total body magnesium status and thus improve identification of magnesium-deficient individuals, and prevent magnesium deficiency related complications.

scholarly journals Association between serum magnesium and obesity in postmenopausal women

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3156
Author(s):  
Alka Yadav ◽  
Madhuri Gupta ◽  
R. C. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary History

Background: Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition in which excess body weight may put a female at risk of serious health problems such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Magnesium deficiency is reported to be associated with obesity in children and adolescents. An inverse relationship has been reported between serum magnesium and estrogen levels in women. It is not known whether magnesium deficiency may have a role in genesis of obesity in women after menopause. Therefore, the present study was planned to compare serum magnesium levels in obese and non-obese postmenopausal women and to find out the relationship, if any, between serum magnesium levels and obesity.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry at National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur, Rajasthan on fifty subjects over a period of six months. Twenty-five obese postmenopausal women (BMI ≥ 30) having their final menstrual period at least one year prior to the study were taken as the study group and twenty-five non-obese (BMI ≤ 22.9) post-menopausal women were taken as control group. All subjects were asked to give detailed dietary history using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Venous blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for estimation of serum total magnesium in all subjects.Results: Obese postmenopausal women had significantly higher weight (78.36±0.064kg) and BMI (32.68±1.7kg/mt2) compared to non-obese postmenopausal women (wt. 54.72±4.80kg and BMI 21.75±1.68kg/mt2). The mean±SD serum magnesium concentration found in the obese postmenopausal women was 1.40±0.45mg/dl as compared to 2.03±0.49 mg/dl in the non-obese group. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a significant (r = -0.9) negative correlation between BMI and serum magnesium in postmenopausal women.Conclusions: Serum magnesium was lower in obese postmenopausal women as compared to that in non-obese postmenopausal women. Serum magnesium was negatively correlated with BMI. Magnesium supplementation may be useful in prevention of obesity after menopause.

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency and Excess on Renal Tubular Potassium Transport in the Rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Carney ◽  
N. L. M. Wong ◽  
J. H. Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Distal Tubule ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Potassium Homeostasis ◽  
Dietary Magnesium ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Total Body

1. Dietary magnesium deficiency is commonly associated with significant potassium depletion although the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Because the kidney has an important role in both magnesium and potassium homeostasis, clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed on thyroparathyroidectomized magnesium-deficient, normal and hypermagnesaemic rats to study the effect of body magnesium status on renal potassium handling. 2. Dietary magnesium restriction that reduced total-body magnesium by 30% did not alter renal potassium excretion despite a 10% reduction in total-body potassium. Graded magnesium infusions increased the fractional excretion of potassium in both magnesium-depleted and normal rats. However, the increase in the dietary depleted group was significantly less than in the control group (5-10 and then 13% compared with 7-19 and then 28% respectively). These changes in urine potassium excretion followed alterations in distal-tubule function. Parathyroid hormone did not alter potassium excretion in any of the experimental groups in contrast with its effect on magnesium excretion. 3. These data support the concept of distal tubular control of renal potassium homeostasis. The body magnesium status appears to exert some control over cellular potassium content and to alter indirectly distal-tubule potassium excretion.

The effect of hypermagnesaemia on serum immunoreactive calcitonin levels in normal human subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-286
Author(s):  
Koyasu Suzuki ◽  
Norio Kono ◽  
Toshio Onishi ◽  
Seiichiro Tarui
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Baseline Level ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Serum Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract. The effect of hypermagnesaemia on serum levels of immunoreactive calcitonin was studied in normal human subjects. After iv administration of magnesium sulphate over 120 min, the mean (± sem) serum magnesium concentration rose from the baseline level of 0.9 ± 0.1 to 2.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l (P < 0.01), and thereafter remained higher than the baseline level. The magnesium infusion caused a significant increase in serum immunoreactive calcitonin levels (P < 0.01). The rise in serum magnesium concentration was accompanied by a significant decrease in the concentrations of corrected serum calcium and whole blood ionized calcium (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that hypermagnesaemia causes an increase in serum immunoreactive calcitonin levels in normal human subjects despite a decrease in the concentrations of corrected serum calcium and whole blood ionized calcium.

scholarly journals Retrospective Investigation of Factors Influencing Time-dependent Changes in Serum Magnesium Levels in Patients Receiving Cetuximab

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaito Yamashiro ◽  
Atsushi Hirata ◽  
Ryosuke Ota ◽  
Fumihiko Ogata ◽  
Takehiro Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Baseline Serum

Abstract Background: Cetuximab causes electrolyte abnormalities, such as hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. However, little is known about the relationships between the onset of hypomagnesemia, patient background before administration, and time-dependent changes in serum magnesium levels. Therefore, we examined the patient backgrounds that influenced the onset of hypomagnesemia and the time-dependent changes in serum magnesium levels in patients receiving cetuximab. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to investigate patients with advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer or head and neck cancer, treated with a cetuximab regimen from 2012 to 2020 at Kindai University Nara Hospital. In total, 52 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Results: The serum magnesium levels tended to decline with an increasing number of cetuximab administrations. After two administrations of cetuximab, the serum magnesium level was significantly lower in the hypomagnesemia group than in the non-hypomagnesemia group (p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the baseline serum sodium levels (odds ratio: 0.729, 95% confidence interval: 0.552–0.963) and the combination of magnesium oxide tablet (odds ratio: 0.997, 95% confidence interval: 0.995–0.999) were one of the independent factors for hypomagnesemia. These results indicated that the two administrations of cetuximab may cause magnesium deficiency even if the serum levels are within the normal range. Additionally, hyponatremia before administration may be an indicator of serum magnesium levels after administration of cetuximab.Conclusion: Cetuximab-induced hypomagnesemia may be predicted using baseline serum sodium levels, and hypomagnesemia may be prevented by administration of magnesium oxide tablets. Our findings provided new evidence for the management of serum magnesium levels in patients receiving cetuximab.

scholarly journals Estimation of serum levels of magnesium in antenatal women in a tertiary health centre

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
Vani Axita C ◽  
Sherin Stephen ◽  
Nadasha T
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Study Participants

Magnesium is an important macrominerals required for various functions in our body and also as a cofactor for several enzymes. Magnesium deficiency in pregnancy due to decreased intake or increased demands may lead to complications like eclampsia, pre eclampsia, IUGR, gestational diabetes mellitus, low birth weight etc. Hence we aim to estimate magnesium levels in antenatal women attending a tertiary care centre in North Kerala. 1. To estimate the levels of Serum Magnesium in antenatal women. 2. Compare the level of Magnesium with Hb, random blood glucose and Blood Pressure levels. 3. Determine sociodemographic profile of antenatal cases. This observational study was conducted in department of Biochemistry, GMC, Kannur from February 2020. All antenatal cases attending OBG OPD, GMC, Kannur, age between 18-35 years were included in the study while women with comorbidities and pregnancy complications were excluded from the study. Biochemical parameters like blood sugar, hemoglobin, HBA1C, were assayed on fully automated analyser, Se. Magnesium was assayed on a semi automated analyser by calmagite kit method. Patient biodata, history, clinical parameters and other relevant details were collected in prestructured formats.Total 30 patients were selected in this study. The age of patients ranged from 20 to 36 years with mean age 27.83 + 4.53 years. The mean Magnesium level in the study participants was 1 + 0.32 mg/dl. In our study participants reported 0 still birth, and 2 (6.7%) had abortions. Majority of them 90% had oedema of lower limbs. Participants had no history of pre-existing illnesses like hypertension hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, etc. There was a week positive correlation of Magnesium with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and by comparing the levels of Magnesium with Haemoglobin and Blood pressure, they are not significant. Determination of Magnesium deficiency in the pregnancy can help in initiating appropriate supplementation and prevention of untoward complications, associated with Magnesium deficiency. Also, such studies, have not been conducted in this part of Kerala and will help to provide more information related to the topic.

scholarly journals A comparative study of serum calcium, magnesium and LDH as the best predictor for severity of pregnancy induced hypertension in the rural population

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 4652
Author(s):  
Mehul Salve ◽  
Aditi Rajgire
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the commonly encountered problem by obstetrician of which, pregnancy induced hypertension leads the list. A number of dietary deficiencies or excesses have been blamed as the cause for preeclampsia over centuries. Studies have shown relationship between dietary deficiencies and incidence of preeclampsia. The lowering of serum calcium and the increase of intracellular calcium can cause an elevation of blood pressure in preeclamptic mothers. Recent investigations suggest that magnesium deficiency could play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, particularly in regulating the tonus of arterioles and veins. The relationship of serum leptin and lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased in preeclampsia.Methods: A comparative study to evaluate the levels of serum calcium and serum magnesium and LDH in pregnancy induced hypertension and normal pregnancy and to correlate the serum levels of calcium and magnesium and LDH with the pregnancy induced hypertension.Results: The serum calcium and magnesium has significantly decreased in cases as compared to controls. Whereas the levels of LDH was significantly increased in cases compared to controls. Serum calcium decreased in severe PIH cases compared to mild PIH cases but statistically not significant. Serum magnesium in mild PIH is less compared to severe PIH cases. The decrease is not statistically significant. The increase in LDH in mild case is less compared to severe PIH case. The increase is stastically significant.Conclusion: Routine biochemical evaluation of serum concentration of calcium and magnesium early in pregnancy may be helpful in identifying at risk patients for preeclampsia. Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension may have a cause and effect relationship with the disorder. Amongst the biochemical markers studied LDH level was seen as the best predictor of severity of pregnancy induced hypertension.

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM STATUS ON THYROID ACTIVITY AND IODIDE METABOLISM

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. HEATON ◽  
H. P. HUMPHRAY
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Magnesium Status

SUMMARY The close positive correlation between the magnesium concentration in serum and the activity of the thyroid gland, as indicated by the ratio of (protein-bound 125I): (total serum 125I) 24 h after injection of a tracer dose of [125I]iodide, was investigated in young male rats. Dietary deficiency or loading with magnesium salts had no effect on the concentration of cyclic AMP within the thyroid gland or the release of thyroid hormone from glands incubated in vitro. Accumulation of radioactive iodide by thyroid glands in vivo was stimulated by magnesium loading and inhibited by magnesium deficiency, but there was no selective effect on the synthesis of iodinated tyrosines or thyronines within the gland. As similar differences in radioactive iodide uptake were observed in other soft tissues, this appears to be part of a general influence of magnesium status on iodide transport, rather than a specific action on the thyroid gland.

scholarly journals Low serum magnesium concentration is associated with the presence of viable hepatocellular carcinoma tissue in cirrhotic patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Parisse ◽  
Flaminia Ferri ◽  
Marzia Persichetti ◽  
Monica Mischitelli ◽  
Aurelio Abbatecola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Locoregional Treatment ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissue ◽  
Low Serum

AbstractThis study aimed to ascertain, for the first time, whether serum magnesium (Mg) concentration is affected by the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We retrospectively enrolled consecutive cirrhotic patients with a diagnosis of HCC (n = 130) or without subsequent evidence of HCC during surveillance (n = 161). Serum levels of Mg were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in patients with HCC than in those without (median [interquartile range]: 1.80 [1.62–1.90] mg/dl vs. 1.90 [1.72–2.08] mg/dl). On multivariate logistic regression, low serum Mg was associated with the presence of HCC (OR 0.047, 95% CI 0.015–0.164; P < 0.0001), independently from factors that can influence magnesaemia and HCC development. In a subset of 94 patients with HCC, a linear mixed effects model adjusted for confounders showed that serum Mg at diagnosis of HCC was lower than before diagnosis of the tumor (β = 0.117, 95% CI 0.039–0.194, P = 0.0035) and compared to after locoregional treatment of HCC (β = 0.079, 95% CI 0.010–0.149, P = 0.0259), with two thirds of patients experiencing these changes of serum Mg over time. We hypothesize that most HCCs, like other cancers, may be avid for Mg and behave like a Mg trap, disturbing the body’s Mg balance and resulting in lowering of serum Mg levels.

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