scholarly journals Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Substrate Oxidation during Exercise

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Millán Aguilar-Navarro ◽  
Alejandro Muñoz ◽  
David Varillas-Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation ◽  
Trial Participants

By using deceptive experiments in which participants are informed that they received caffeine when, in fact, they received an inert substance (i.e., placebo), several investigations have demonstrated that exercise performance can be enhanced to a similar degree as a known caffeine dose. This ‘placebo effect’ phenomenon may be part of the mechanisms explaining caffeine’s ergogenicity in exercise. However, there is no study that has established whether the placebo effect of caffeine is also present for other benefits obtained with acute caffeine intake, such as enhanced fat oxidation during exercise. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to investigate the placebo effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise. Twelve young men participated in a deceptive double-blind cross-over experiment. Each participant completed three identical trials consisting of a step incremental exercise test from 30 to 80% of V.O2max. In the two first trials, participants ingested either 3 mg/kg of cellulose (placebo) or 3 mg/kg of caffeine (received caffeine) in a randomized order. In the third trial, participants were informed that they had received 3 mg/kg of caffeine, but a placebo was provided (informed caffeine). Fat oxidation rates were derived from stoichiometric equations. In received caffeine, participants increased their rate of fat oxidation over the values obtained with the placebo at 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% of V.O2max (all p < 0.050). In informed caffeine, participants increased their rate of fat oxidation at 30%, 40%, 50% 60%, and 70% of V.O2max (all p < 0.050) over the placebo, while there were no differences between received versus informed caffeine. In comparison to placebo (0.32 ± 0.15 g/min), the rate of maximal fat oxidation was higher in received caffeine (0.44 ± 0.22 g/min, p = 0.045) and in informed caffeine (0.41 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.026) with no differences between received versus informed caffeine. However, the intensity at which maximal fat oxidation rate was obtained (i.e., Fatmax) was similar in placebo, received caffeine, and informed caffeine trials (42.5 ± 4.5, 44.2 ± 9.0, and 41.7 ± 10.5% of V.O2max, respectively, p = 0.539). In conclusion, the expectancy of having received caffeine produced similar effects on fat oxidation rate during exercise than actually receiving caffeine. Therefore, the placebo effect of caffeine is also present for the benefits of acute caffeine intake on substrate oxidation during exercise and it may be used to enhance fat oxidation during exercise in participants while reducing any risks to health that this substance may have.

Substrate oxidation during exercise in taekwondo athletes: impact of aerobic fitness status

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
B. Taati ◽  
H. Rohani
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation

The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of different aerobic fitness levels on substrate oxidation in trained taekwondo athletes. 57 male athletes (age 21.10±7.79 years; VO2max 50.67±6.67 ml/kg/min) with regular weekly taekwondo training and training experience of at least three years completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill. Maximal fat oxidation (MFO), the exercise intensity related to MFO (Fatmax), and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rate were measured using indirect calorimetry methods. The athletes then were divided into a low (<50 ml/kg/min, n=18) and high (>50 ml/kg/min, n=39) VO2max group. The average MFO was higher in the high VO2max group than in the low VO2max group (0.46±0.19 vs 0.28±0.11 g/min; P<0.001). Although Fatmax tended toward higher values in the high VO2max group, no difference was observed between the groups (49.15±15.22 vs 42.42±12.37% of VO2max; P=0.18). It was also shown that the high VO2max group had a lower CHO oxidation rate and a higher fat oxidation rate at given exercise intensities. In conclusion, it seems that MFO and substrate oxidation rates in taekwondo athletes can be influenced by aerobic fitness level such that the athletes with higher VO2max appeared to use more fat as a fuel source for energy supply during a given exercise.

scholarly journals Caffeine increases maximal fat oxidation during a graded exercise test: is there a diurnal variation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Ramírez-Maldonado ◽  
Lucas Jurado-Fasoli ◽  
Juan del Coso ◽  
Jonatan R. Ruiz ◽  
Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation

Abstract Background There is evidence that caffeine increases the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) and aerobic capacity, which are known to be lower in the morning than in the afternoon. This paper examines the effect of caffeine intake on the diurnal variation of MFO during a graded exercise test in active men. Methods Using a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental design, 15 active caffeine-naïve men (age: 32 ± 7 years) completed a graded exercise test four times at seven-day intervals. The subjects ingested 3 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo at 8 am in the morning and 5 pm in the afternoon (each subject completed tests under all four conditions in a random order). A graded cycling test was performed. MFO and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured by indirect calorimetry, and the intensity of exercise that elicited MFO (Fatmax) calculated. Results MFO, Fatmax and VO2max were significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning (all P < 0.05). Compared to the placebo, caffeine increased mean MFO by 10.7% (0.28 ± 0.10 vs. 0.31 ± 0.09 g/min respectively, P < 0.001) in the morning, and by a mean 29.0% (0.31 ± 0.09 vs. 0.40 ± 0.10 g/min, P < 0.001) in the afternoon. Caffeine also increased mean Fatmax by 11.1% (36.9 ± 14.4 [placebo] vs. 41.0 ± 13.1%, P = 0.005) in the morning, and by 13.1% (42.0 ± 11.6 vs. 47.5 ± 10.8%, P = 0.008) in the afternoon. Conclusion These findings confirm the previously reported diurnal variation in the whole-body fat oxidation rate during graded exercise in active caffeine-naïve men, and indicate that the acute ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine increases MFO, Fatmax and VO2max independent of the time of day. Trial registration NCT04320446. Registered 25 March 2020 - Retrospectively registered

scholarly journals Comparison between continuous and intermittent submaximal exercise at the intensity of maximal fat oxidation

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 4604
Author(s):  
Gökhan İpekoğlu ◽  
Şükrü Serdar Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation ◽  
Protocol Test

The aim of the study was to determine the rate of fat oxidation during continuous and intermittent acute endurance exercise. Eleven healthy untrained men participated in this study. Subjects performed Bruce protocol test on cycle ergometer to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max).  The exercise intensity in which the highest fat oxidation rate occurs was determined in this exercise test for each subject. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide (VCO2) production during the exercises were followed by respiratory gas analyzer and whole-body fat oxidation was calculated by indirect calorimeter equations. Subjects performed 45min intermittent (IE) and continuous (CE) exercises in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at intensity correspondent at the highest fat oxidation rate (Fat max). The peak fat oxidation rate was equal to 40.6% of maximum oxygen consumption of subjects. The changes occurring with time in fat (F=20.67) and carbohydrate (F=19.44) oxidation rates were statistically significant (P<0.01). However, the changes of fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation with time did not show any statistically significant differences between the continuous and intermittent exercises (P>0.05). The results of the study indicate that the continuous and intermittent exercises performed at the exercise intensity ensuring maximum fat oxidation rate provide similar fat oxidation. Especially, for the individuals starting regular exercise applications newly, it can be said that similar positive results regarding fat oxidation can also be obtained by avoiding the insipidity of long lasting exercises and giving breaks.

scholarly journals The Acute Effect of a Single Exhaustive Sprint Exercise Session on Post-Exercise Fat Oxidation Rate

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Zübeyde Aslankeser ◽  
Şükrü Serdar Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Sprint Exercise ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Study Results

Abstract It is well known that substrate oxidation rates are increased by exercise. The present study had two main objectives: firstly, to examine the effect of a single exhaustive exercise session on post-exercise substrate oxidation and energy expenditure; and secondly, to determine the differences between athletes and non-athletes.Material and methods: Eighteen healthy male athletes (mean ± SD age; 19.38 ± 2.26 years, VO2max; 60.57 ± 3.90 ml · kg-1 · min-1, n = 8) and non-athletes (age; 20.30 ± 1.26 years, VO2max; 44.97 ± 5.43 ml · kg-1 ·min-1, n = 10) volunteered to participate in the study. After an overnight fast, subjects performed a single sprint exercise session on a cycle ergometer with individual loads (0.075 kg per body weight) until volitional exhaustion. Energy expenditure (EE) and the substrate oxidation rate were measured at rest and during the post-exercise recovery period using indirect calorimetry. Results: Exhaustive exercise significantly increased post-exercise fat oxidation, energy expenditure and contribution of fat to EE (p < 0.05). Also, it significantly decreased post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and the contribution of CHO to EE (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the substrate oxidation rate and EE after the exercise test were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study results suggest that a single short-duration exhaustive exercise session causes a higher fat oxidation rate during recovery than at rest, whereas training status did not affect this situation

Inhibition of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase by digoxin and its relation with energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation rate

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. E1051-E1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Lyon ◽  
Y. Schutz ◽  
T. Buclin ◽  
E. Jequier ◽  
O. Deriaz
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Protocol Design ◽  
Body Weight Regulation ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Atpase Inhibition ◽  
Male Subjects

This study investigates the effects of digoxin, an inhibitor of the Na+ pump (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase), on resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and nutrient oxidation rate. Twelve healthy male subjects followed a double-blind protocol design and received either 1 mg/day digoxin or a placebo 2 days before indirect calorimetry measurements. Digoxin induced a 0.22 +/- 0.07 kJ/min or 3.8 +/- 1.5% (mean +/- SE, P = 0.01) decrease in RMR and a 0.40 +/- 0.13 kJ/min (P = 0.01) decrease in fat oxidation rate, whereas carbohydrate and protein oxidation rates did not change significantly. A dose-response relationship between serum digoxin and RQ was observed. These results suggest that digoxin reduces not only RMR but also fat oxidation rate by mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Because a linkage and an association between genes coding the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and the RQ have been previously observed, the present demonstration of an effect of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibition on fat oxidation rate strengthens the concept that the activity of this enzyme may play a role in body weight regulation.

Comparison of indirect calorimetry and a new breath 13C/12C ratio method during strenuous exercise

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. E64-E71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Romijn ◽  
E. F. Coyle ◽  
J. Hibbert ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Oxidation Rates

A new stable isotope method for the determination of substrate oxidation rates in vivo is described and compared with indirect calorimetry at rest and during high-intensity exercise (30 min at 80-85% maximal O2 uptake capacity) in six well-trained cyclists. This method uses the absolute ratios of 13C/12C in expired air, endogenous glucose, fat, and protein in addition to O2 consumption and is independent of CO2 production (VCO2). Carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates at rest, calculated by both methods, were not significantly different. During exercise the breath 13C/12C ratio increased and reached a steady state after 15-20 min. Carbohydrate oxidation rates during exercise were 39.4 +/- 5.2 and 41.7 +/- 5.7 mg.kg-1.min-1 [not significant (NS)], and fat oxidation rates were 7.3 +/- 1.3 and 6.9 +/- 1.2 mg.kg-1.min-1 (NS), using indirect calorimetry, and the breath ratio method, respectively. We conclude that the breath 13C/12C ratio method can be used to calculate substrate oxidation under different conditions, such as the basal state and exercise. In addition, the results obtained by this new method support the validity of the underlying assumption that indirect calorimetry regards VCO2 as a reflection of tissue CO2 production, during exercise in trained subjects, even up to 80-85% maximal O2 uptake.

scholarly journals The acute effects of olive oil v. cream on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in postmenopausal women

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Soares ◽  
S. J. Cummings ◽  
J. C. L. Mamo ◽  
M. Kenrick ◽  
L. S. Piers
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Postprandial Thermogenesis

The influence of the source of dietary fat on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates, was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57–73 years, with BMI 21·9–38·3 kg/m2. A single blind, randomised, paired comparison of two high-fat, isoenergetic, mixed test meals was conducted. The major source of fat was either cream (CREAM) or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). RMR, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no differences in body weight, RMR, fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions. DIT (EVOO 97 (sd 46) v. CREAM 76 (sd 69) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5·2 (sd 2·5) v. CREAM 4·1 (sd 3·7)% energy) did not differ between the two test meals. The postprandial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates, relative to their respective fasting values (ΔCOX), was significantly lower following the EVOO meal (EVOO 10·6 (sd 8·3) v. CREAM 17·5 (sd 10) g/5 h; paired t test, P=0·023), while postprandial fat oxidation rates (ΔFOX) were significantly higher (EVOO 0·0 (sd 4·4) v. CREAM -3·6 (sd 4·0) g/5 h; P=0·028). In the eight obese subjects, however, DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal (EVOO 5·1 (sd 2·0) v. CREAM 2·5 (sd 2·9) %; P=0·01). This was accompanied by a significantly lower ΔCOX (EVOO 10·9 (sd 9·9) v. CREAM 17·3 (sd 10·5) g/5 h; P=0·03) and significantly higher ΔFOX (EVOO 0·11 (sd 4·4) v. CREAM −4·1 (sd 4·5) g/5 h, P=0·034). The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postprandial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women.

Body Fat has No Effect on the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate in Young, Normal, and Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2121-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Blaize ◽  
Jeffrey A. Potteiger ◽  
Randal P. Claytor ◽  
Douglas A. Noe
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation

scholarly journals Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on the Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3603
Author(s):  
Daniel Collado-Mateo ◽  
Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez ◽  
Eugenio Merellano-Navarro ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Dose Response Effect

A number of previous investigations have been designed to determine the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. However, these investigations have shown contradictory results due to the differences in the exercise protocols used or the co-ingestion of caffeine with other substances. Hence, to date, there is no consensus about the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis to establish the effect of acute intake of caffeine (ranging from 2 to 7 mg/kg of body mass) on the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. A total of 19 studies published between 1978 and 2020 were included, all of which employed crossover experimental designs in which the ingestion of caffeine was compared to a placebo. Studies were selected if the exercise intensity was consistent in the caffeine and placebo trials and if these were preceded by a fasting protocol. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). The meta-analysis revealed that caffeine significantly (p = 0.008) increased the fat oxidation rate (SMD = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.19 to 1.27). This increment was consistent with a significant (p = 0.04) reduction of the respiratory exchange ratio (SMD = −0.33; 95% CI = −0.65 to −0.01) and a significant (p = 0.049) increase in the oxygen uptake (SMD = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.44). The results also showed that there was a dose–response effect of caffeine on the fat oxidation rate, indicating that more than 3.0 mg/kg is necessary to obtain a statistically significant effect of this stimulant on fat oxidation during exercise. Additionally, the ability of caffeine to enhance fat oxidation during exercise was higher in sedentary or untrained individuals than in trained and recreational athletes. In conclusion, pre-exercise intake of a moderate dose of caffeine may effectively increase fat utilization during aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity performed after a fasting period. However, the fitness level of the participant may modulate the magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise.

scholarly journals Oxygen uptake and ratings of perceived exertion at the lactate threshold and maximal fat oxidation rate in untrained adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 2063-2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey A. Rynders ◽  
Siddhartha S. Angadi ◽  
Nathan Y. Weltman ◽  
Glenn A. Gaesser ◽  
Arthur Weltman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation
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