scholarly journals The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Maria Lorella Giannì ◽  
Giulia Vizzari ◽  
Sara Vizzuso ◽  
Jacopo Cerasani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant’s health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring’s health outcome.

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Butts ◽  
Duncan Hedderley ◽  
Thanuja Herath ◽  
Gunaranjan Paturi ◽  
Sarah Glyn-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

scholarly journals What Evidence Do We Have for Pharmaceutical Galactagogues in the Treatment of Lactation Insufficiency?—A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke E. Grzeskowiak ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Donna T. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Insufficient Milk

Inadequate breast milk supply is a frequently reported reason for early discontinuation of breastfeeding and represents a critical opportunity for intervening to improve breastfeeding outcomes. For women who continue to experience insufficient milk supply despite the utilisation of non-pharmacological lactation support strategies, pharmacological intervention with medications used to augment lactation, commonly referred to as galactagogues, is common. Galactagogues exert their pharmacological effects through altering the complex hormonal milieu regulating lactation, particularly prolactin and oxytocin. This narrative review provides an appraisal of the existing evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical treatments for lactation insufficiency to guide their use in clinical practice. The greatest body of evidence surrounds the use of domperidone, with studies demonstrating moderate short-term improvements in breast milk supply. Evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of metoclopramide is less robust, but given that it shares the same mechanism of action as domperidone it may represent a potential treatment alternative where domperidone is unsuitable. Data on remaining interventions such as oxytocin, prolactin and metformin is too limited to support their use in clinical practice. The review provides an overview of key evidence gaps and areas of future research, including the impacts of pharmaceutical galactagogues on breast milk composition and understanding factors contributing to individual treatment response to pharmaceutical galactagogues.

scholarly journals Breast Milk Macronutrient Components in Prolonged Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matylda Czosnykowska-Łukacka ◽  
Barbara Królak-Olejnik ◽  
Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Healthy Development

Human milk (HM) is the first dietary exposure in infancy and the best nutritional option for growth and healthy development of the newborn and infant. The concentrations of macronutrients, namely proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, change during lactation stages. HM has been studied extensively in the first 6 months of lactation, but there are limited data regarding milk composition beyond 1 or 2 years postpartum. The aim of our study was to describe longitudinal changes in HM macronutrient concentrations during the prolonged lactation of healthy mothers from the 1st to the 48th month. For the macronutrient content of milk of mothers breastfeeding for longer than 18 months, fat and protein increased and carbohydrates decreased significantly, compared with milk expressed by women breastfeeding up to 12 months. Moreover, the concentration of fat, protein and carbohydrates in HM over 2 years of lactation from the 24th to the 48th month remained at a stable level. However, analyzed macronutrients were positively (carbohydrate, r = 0.51) or negatively (fat, r = −0.36 and protein, r = −0.58) correlated with the amount of feeding. Our results create a greater potential for understanding the nutritional contribution of HM over 2 years of lactation and showed that the source of calories in breast milk for older children is mainly fat, while carbohydrates play a greater role in infant nutrition in the early stage. The observed changes of macronutrient concentrations from the 1st to the 48th month of lactation are probably related to the adaptation of milk composition to the increased energy demand of the intensively growing child.

scholarly journals New strategies for profiling and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 774-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Porfirio ◽  
Stephanie Archer-Hartmann ◽  
G Brett Moreau ◽  
Girija Ramakrishnan ◽  
Rashidul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human breast milk is an incredibly rich and complex biofluid composed of proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, including a diverse repertoire of free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Strikingly, HMOs are not digested by the infant but function as prebiotics for bacterial strains associated with numerous benefits. Considering the broad variety of beneficial effects of HMOs, and the vast number of factors that affect breast milk composition, the analysis of HMO diversity and complexity is of utmost relevance. Using human milk samples from a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers participating in a study on malnutrition and stunting in children, we have characterized breast milk oligosaccharide composition by means of permethylation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. This approach identified over 100 different glycoforms and showed a wide diversity of milk composition, with a predominance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs over nonmodified HMOs. We observed that these samples contain on average 80 HMOs, with the highest permethylated masses detected being >5000 mass units. Here we report an easily implemented method developed for the separation, characterization and relative quantitation of large arrays of HMOs, including higher molecular weight sialylated HMOs. Our ultimate goal is to create a simple, high-throughput method, which can be used for full characterization of sialylated and/or fucosylated HMOs. These results demonstrate how current analytical techniques can be applied to characterize human milk composition, providing new tools to help the scientific community shed new light on the impact of HMOs during infant development.

scholarly journals Influence of sulfonated and diet-derived human milk oligosaccharides on the infant microbiome and immune markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (12) ◽  
pp. 4035-4048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Quin ◽  
Sara D. Vicaretti ◽  
Nina A Mohtarudin ◽  
Alexander M. Garner ◽  
Deanna M. Vollman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote the development of the neonatal intestinal, immune, and nervous systems and has recently received considerable attention. Here we investigated how the maternal diet affects HMO biosynthesis and how any diet-induced HMO alterations influence the infant gut microbiome and immunity. Using capillary electrophoresis and MS-based analyses, we extracted and measured HMOs from breast milk samples and then correlated their levels with results from validated 24-h diet recall surveys and breast milk fatty acids. We found that fruit intake and unsaturated fatty acids in breast milk were positively correlated with an increased absolute abundance of numerous HMOs, including 16 sulfonated HMOs we identified here in humans for the first time. The diet-derived monosaccharide 5-N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) was unambiguously detected in all samples. To gain insights into the potential impact of Neu5Gc on the infant microbiome, we used a constrained ordination approach and identified correlations between Neu5Gc levels and Bacteroides spp. in infant stool. However, Neu5Gc was not associated with marked changes in infant immune markers, in contrast with sulfonated HMOs, whose expression correlated with suppression of two major Th2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-13. The findings of our work highlight the importance of maternal diet for HMO biosynthesis and provide as yet unexplored targets for future studies investigating interactions between HMOs and the intestinal microbiome and immunity in infants.

scholarly journals Raising Awareness About Breast Milk Composition Among Women in Latvia

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Liva Aumeistere ◽  
Liva Aumeistere ◽  
Dace Zavadska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
European Union Country ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
One Year

Background: Breast milk is the ideal food source that contains all components an infant needs. Infants are at risk of receiving possible pollutants and high levels of trans fatty acids through breast milk that may affect their cardiovascular health and cognitive development. Statistics indicate that the proportion of children who are breastfed up to one year of age shows an annual increase in Latvia. Objectives: 1. To review studies conducted among the Latvian population regarding breast milk composition. 2. To evaluate the necessary future studies emphasizing the importance of the trans fatty acid content in a mother’s diet and correspondingly in breast milk and taking into consideration the new changes in Latvian legislation setting the maximum trans fat content in foodstuffs. Conclusions: There is very little research done about the human milk composition in Latvia that could be referable to a general population. It is known that the exposure of breast milk to persistent organic pollutants in Latvia corresponds to the lowest levels detected in the European countries and is not a cause of health disorders. Taking into consideration the adverse effect trans fatty acids have on human’s health regardless of the age, consumption should be as low as possible. Latvia has become the latest European Union country to set the maximum amount of trans fats in foodstuffs, yet there is no information about trans fatty acids content in human milk among women in Latvia. This problem needs to be addressed and set in motion. Therefore, it would be a novel idea to study if the TFA content also declines in milk among Latvian women after the introduction of the new legislation.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Boudry ◽  
Elise Charton ◽  
Isabell Le Huerou-Luron ◽  
Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard ◽  
Sophie Le Gall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during the first months of life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems in the different gut compartments. This process is highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial gut colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive and immune homeostasis but also metabolism and behavior. The early life period is therefore a “window of opportunity” to program health through microbiota modulation. However, the implementation of this promising strategy requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing gut microbiota assembly. Breastfeeding has been associated with a healthy microbiota in infants. Human milk is a complex food matrix, with numerous components that potentially influence the infant microbiota composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or by limiting the growth of others. The objective of this review is to describe human milk composition and to discuss the established or purported roles of human milk components upon gut microbiota establishment. Finally, the impact of maternal diet on human milk composition is reviewed to assess how maternal diet could be a simple and efficient approach to shape the infant gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Maternal and Perinatal Factors Associated with the Human Milk Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Demmelmair ◽  
Esther Jiménez ◽  
Maria Carmen Collado ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Michelle K McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

ABSTRACT Microbes are present in human milk regardless of the mother's health. The origins of the milk microbiota likely include the mother's skin, infant's mouth, and transfer from the maternal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Prominent bacterial taxa in human milk are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, but many other genera are also found including anaerobic Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides. The milk microbiome is highly variable and potentially influenced by geographic location, delivery mode, time postpartum, feeding mode, social networks, environment, maternal diet, and milk composition. Mastitis alters the milk microbiome, and the intake of Lactobacilli has shown potential for mastitis treatment and prevention. Although milk and infant fecal microbiomes are different, their variations appear to be related – suggesting that milk is an important contributor of early GI colonization. Nonetheless, nothing is known regarding whether the milk microbiome influences infant health. Further research and clinical interventions are needed to determine if changes in the microbiomes of human milk and infant formula/food impact health.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns of Breastfeeding Mothers and Human Milk Composition: Data from the Italian MEDIDIET Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1722
Author(s):  
Francesca Bravi ◽  
Matteo Di Maso ◽  
Simone R. B. M. Eussen ◽  
Carlo Agostoni ◽  
Guglielmo Salvatori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis

(1) Background: Several studies have reported associations between maternal diet in terms of single foods or nutrients and human milk compounds, while the overall role of maternal diet and related dietary patterns has rarely been investigated. (2) Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, we enrolled 300 healthy Italian mothers, who exclusively breastfed their infant. During a hospital visit at 6 weeks postpartum, a sample of freshly expressed foremilk was collected and information on maternal dietary habits in the postpartum period was obtained through an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. We applied principal component factor analysis to selected nutrients in order to identify maternal dietary patterns, and assessed correlations in human milk macronutrients and fatty acids across levels of dietary patterns. (3) Results: Five dietary patterns were identified, named “Vitamins, minerals and fibre”, “Proteins and fatty acids with legs”, “Fatty acids with fins”, “Fatty acids with leaves”, “Starch and vegetable proteins”. These dietary patterns were correlated with some milk components, namely fatty acids, and in particular ω-3 and its subcomponents. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that overall maternal dietary habits during breastfeeding may influence human milk composition, suggesting the importance of adequate maternal nutrition during lactation not only for the mother herself but also to provide the infant with milk containing adequate amount and quality of nutrients for a balanced nutrition.

Macro- and Micronutrients of Human Milk Composition: Are They Related to Maternal Diet? A Comprehensive Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Keikha ◽  
Maryam Bahreynian ◽  
Mohammad Saleki ◽  
Roya Kelishadi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients
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