Macro- and Micronutrients of Human Milk Composition: Are They Related to Maternal Diet? A Comprehensive Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Keikha ◽  
Maryam Bahreynian ◽  
Mohammad Saleki ◽  
Roya Kelishadi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

scholarly journals The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Maria Lorella Giannì ◽  
Giulia Vizzari ◽  
Sara Vizzuso ◽  
Jacopo Cerasani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant’s health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring’s health outcome.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns during Lactation and Human Milk Composition and Quantity: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Donovan ◽  
Kathryn Dewey ◽  
Rachel Novotny ◽  
Jamie Stang ◽  
Elsie Taveras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Milk Composition

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Boudry ◽  
Elise Charton ◽  
Isabell Le Huerou-Luron ◽  
Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard ◽  
Sophie Le Gall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during the first months of life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems in the different gut compartments. This process is highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial gut colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive and immune homeostasis but also metabolism and behavior. The early life period is therefore a “window of opportunity” to program health through microbiota modulation. However, the implementation of this promising strategy requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing gut microbiota assembly. Breastfeeding has been associated with a healthy microbiota in infants. Human milk is a complex food matrix, with numerous components that potentially influence the infant microbiota composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or by limiting the growth of others. The objective of this review is to describe human milk composition and to discuss the established or purported roles of human milk components upon gut microbiota establishment. Finally, the impact of maternal diet on human milk composition is reviewed to assess how maternal diet could be a simple and efficient approach to shape the infant gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Maternal and Perinatal Factors Associated with the Human Milk Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Demmelmair ◽  
Esther Jiménez ◽  
Maria Carmen Collado ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Michelle K McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

ABSTRACT Microbes are present in human milk regardless of the mother's health. The origins of the milk microbiota likely include the mother's skin, infant's mouth, and transfer from the maternal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Prominent bacterial taxa in human milk are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, but many other genera are also found including anaerobic Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides. The milk microbiome is highly variable and potentially influenced by geographic location, delivery mode, time postpartum, feeding mode, social networks, environment, maternal diet, and milk composition. Mastitis alters the milk microbiome, and the intake of Lactobacilli has shown potential for mastitis treatment and prevention. Although milk and infant fecal microbiomes are different, their variations appear to be related – suggesting that milk is an important contributor of early GI colonization. Nonetheless, nothing is known regarding whether the milk microbiome influences infant health. Further research and clinical interventions are needed to determine if changes in the microbiomes of human milk and infant formula/food impact health.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns of Breastfeeding Mothers and Human Milk Composition: Data from the Italian MEDIDIET Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1722
Author(s):  
Francesca Bravi ◽  
Matteo Di Maso ◽  
Simone R. B. M. Eussen ◽  
Carlo Agostoni ◽  
Guglielmo Salvatori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis

(1) Background: Several studies have reported associations between maternal diet in terms of single foods or nutrients and human milk compounds, while the overall role of maternal diet and related dietary patterns has rarely been investigated. (2) Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, we enrolled 300 healthy Italian mothers, who exclusively breastfed their infant. During a hospital visit at 6 weeks postpartum, a sample of freshly expressed foremilk was collected and information on maternal dietary habits in the postpartum period was obtained through an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. We applied principal component factor analysis to selected nutrients in order to identify maternal dietary patterns, and assessed correlations in human milk macronutrients and fatty acids across levels of dietary patterns. (3) Results: Five dietary patterns were identified, named “Vitamins, minerals and fibre”, “Proteins and fatty acids with legs”, “Fatty acids with fins”, “Fatty acids with leaves”, “Starch and vegetable proteins”. These dietary patterns were correlated with some milk components, namely fatty acids, and in particular ω-3 and its subcomponents. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that overall maternal dietary habits during breastfeeding may influence human milk composition, suggesting the importance of adequate maternal nutrition during lactation not only for the mother herself but also to provide the infant with milk containing adequate amount and quality of nutrients for a balanced nutrition.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Diet on Human Milk Composition Among Lactating Women in Latvia

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Līva Aumeistere ◽  
Inga Ciproviča ◽  
Dace Zavadska ◽  
Juris Andersons ◽  
Viktors Volkovs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and objectives: Many studies indicate that the maternal diet is an important factor affecting human milk composition. Human milk composition among lactating women in Latvia, as well as the maternal diet during lactation, has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this research was to assess dietary habits and macronutrient intake among lactating women in Latvia and to examine the effect of diet on human milk composition. Materials and Methods: Research was conducted between November 2016 and December 2017. Mature human milk samples (n = 61) along with a 72h food diary, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a questionnaire about maternal and infant characteristics were obtained from voluntary women who were recruited via an invitation published in a social media member group for nursing mothers. Fat content in human milk was determined by LVS ISO 2446:2008, protein content was determined by LVS EN ISO 8968-1:2014, lactose was determined by ISO 22662:2007, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. Dietary data were evaluated using the Finnish food composition database Fineli, release 19 (3 March 2018). Results: Median values for fat, protein, and lactose in mature human milk were 4.40%, 1.08%, and 6.52%, respectively. Predominant fatty acids in human milk were oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) at 34.60%, 24.00%, and 11.00% of total fatty acids, respectively. The trans elaidic acid (C18:1 n9t) level was <0.10% in all human milk samples. Significant, positive associations (p < 0.05) were found between maternal dietary intake of linoleic, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic, total cis-monounsaturated, total cis-polyunsaturated, and total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6/n-3, and the level of these fatty acids in human milk. Total energy and carbohydrate intake among participants were lower, but total fat, saturated fat, and sugar intake were higher than recommended. Protein, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid intake were adequate, but docosahexaenoic acid intake was noticeably lower than recommended. Women should be supported with information regarding their nutritional needs during lactation and the possible impact of diet on human milk composition. Conclusion: Macronutrient (fat, protein, and lactose) content in human milk is not affected by maternal diet. Conversely, the human milk fatty acid profile is affected by the immediate diet consumed by the mother. Habitual dietary habits can also impact the fatty acid profile of human milk.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns During Lactation and Human Milk Composition and Quantity: A NESR Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 815-815
Author(s):  
Sara Scinto-Madonich ◽  
Sharon M Donovan ◽  
Kathryn Dewey ◽  
Rachel Novotny ◽  
Jamie Stang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Postprandial Period

Abstract Objectives To inform the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025, the USDA and HHS identified important public health questions to be examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The Committee conducted a systematic review with support from the USDA's Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team to answer the question: What is the relationship between dietary patterns consumed during lactation and human milk composition and quantity? Methods The Committee developed protocols to describe how they would use NESR's SR methodology to examine the evidence related to dietary patterns (DP) during lactation and human milk (HM). NESR librarians conducted a literature search and NESR analysts dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify articles published between 2000 and 2019. NESR analysts extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. The Committee synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence. Results This systematic review included 7 articles. Three articles from 2 cross-sectional studies examined DP and HM, while 4 articles from 3 randomized controlled trials examined diets based on macronutrient distributions and HM. The body of evidence was limited by small sample sizes, risk of bias concerns, heterogeneous methods, and study populations with limited racial/ethnic and socioeconomic diversity. Conclusions Limited evidence suggests that maternal consumption of diets higher in fat (&gt;35% fat) and lower in carbohydrate during lactation is related to higher total fat in HM collected in the maternal postprandial period. Limited evidence suggests that certain maternal DP during lactation, including diets based on macronutrient distributions, are related to the relative proportions of saturated fat and monounsaturated fatty acids in HM, and of polyunsaturated fatty acids in HM collected in the maternal postprandial period. Insufficient or no evidence was available to assess the association between DP during lactation and HM quantity, as well as total protein, water- and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, human milk oligosaccharides, and bioactive proteins in HM. Funding Sources USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.

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