scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Study of Plant Sterols Intake as a Basis for Designing Appropriate Plant Sterol-Enriched Food in Indonesia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Drajat Martianto ◽  
Atikah Bararah ◽  
Nuri Andarwulan ◽  
Dominika Średnicka-Tober
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries, including Indonesia, with elevated blood cholesterol level being one of significant risk factors for this condition. The problem should be addressed by combining healthy lifestyle and diet, where functional foods having a cholesterol-lowering activity could play a significant role. A group of compounds that had been proven to show cholesterol-lowering ability are plant sterols. To develop more suitable functional foods that could substantially contribute to hypercholesterolemia prevention in Indonesian population, up-to-date data about plant sterols dietary intake are required, and were not available until this research was done. This study aimed to estimate daily plant sterols intake and to determine the consumption pattern of foods containing plant sterols in rural and urban area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted with a cross-sectional design, with 200 respondents. The study revealed that the level of plant sterols intake in Bogor reached on average 229.76 mg/day and was not significantly different between urban and rural area. Cereals, vegetables, and fruit products were the main food sources of plant sterols in both areas. In addition, a list of several surveyed food items possible to be enriched with plant sterols was developed within the study. These results provide baseline data to develop functional foods fortified with plant sterols suitable for the Indonesian needs and taste. However, further studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety of introducing such phytosterol-enriched products into a habitual diet, especially considering possible long-term side effects of plant sterol treatment.

A healthy Diet rich in Carotenoids is effective in Maintaining normal Blood Carotenoid Levels during the Daily use of Plant Sterol-enriched Spreads

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fady Y. Ntanios ◽  
Guus S. M. J. E. Duchateau
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering

Blood cholesterol levels are affected by diet and in particular by the type and amount of fat intake. In recent years, vegetable oil spreads containing plant sterols/stanols (as their fatty acid esters) have been developed. Numerous clinical trials on spreads with added plant sterols/stanols have shown that they have much greater cholesterol-lowering properties than conventional vegetable oil spreads. Plant sterols decrease both dietary and biliary cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, with a consequential increase in excretion of cholesterol. It is also recognized that plant sterol/stanol-enriched, cholesterol-lowering spreads, if consumed regularly, may induce a 10–20% decrease in plasma carotenoids, adjusted for changes in plasma lipids. A 10–20% decrease in plasma carotenoids falls well within the seasonal variation observed in individuals. Our current understanding of the physiological functions of carotenoids does not indicate any health risk associated with the slight decrease in their blood levels due to the intake of plant sterol/stanol. The questions that have been raised, though, are how plant sterols/stanols affect plasma carotenoid levels, and in addition, what quantity of fruits and vegetables (the richest dietary sources of carotenoids) would have to be consumed to improve plasma carotenoid levels? The current mini-review covers the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols, their mechanisms of action and effect on blood carotenoids, and concludes with the potential heath benefits of daily intake of plant sterol-enriched spreads.

scholarly journals Simulation of prospective phytosterol intake in Germany by novel functional foods

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolin Kuhlmann ◽  
Oliver Lindtner ◽  
Almut Bauch ◽  
Guido Ritter ◽  
Brigitte Woerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Serving Size

A blood cholesterol-lowering margarine containing plant sterolesters was the first functional food placed on the European food market pursuant to the regulation (EC) 258/97. In the following years nine further applicants submitted the request to add plant sterol compounds to dairy products, cheeses, bakery products, sausages, plant oils and other products. The European Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) declared a precautionary intake limit of 3 g plant sterols per d by multiple dietary sources. Using the consumption data of the German National Food Consumption Study, carried out from 1985 to 1988 with 23 209 participants, we hypothetically added 0·3–2 g plant sterols to usual daily servings of ten different food products, selected from the novel food applications. We calculated the prospective plant sterol intake regarding each kind of enriched food and by stepwise accumulation of different functional foods in three enrichment scenarios. Within our enrichment context we find a phytosterol intake satiation, if multiple plant sterol-enriched foods are eaten. An enrichment amount of 2 g plant sterols per proposed food serving size results in an intake maximum of 13 g/d.

Promoting access to fresh fruits and vegetables through a local market intervention at a subway station

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 3258-3270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Chaput ◽  
Geneviève Mercille ◽  
Louis Drouin ◽  
Yan Kestens
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Market Intervention ◽  
Alternative Food Sources ◽  
Physical Access

AbstractObjectiveAlternative food sources (AFS) such as local markets in disadvantaged areas are promising strategies for preventing chronic disease and reducing health inequalities. The present study assessed how sociodemographic characteristics, physical access and fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption are associated with market use in a newly opened F&V market next to a subway station in a disadvantaged neighbourhood.DesignTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted among adults: (i) on-site, among shoppers who had just bought F&V and (ii) a telephone-based population survey among residents living within 1 km distance from the market.SettingOne neighbourhood in Montreal (Canada) with previously limited F&V offerings.SubjectsRespectively, 218 shoppers and 335 residents completed the on-site and telephone-based population surveys.ResultsAmong shoppers, 23 % were low-income, 56 % did not consume enough F&V and 54 % did not have access to a car. Among all participants living 1 km from the market (n472), market usage was associated (OR; 95 % CI) with adequate F&V consumption (1·86; 1·10, 3·16), living closer to the market (for distance: 0·86; 0·76, 0·97), having the market on the commute route (2·77; 1·61, 4·75) and not having access to a car (2·96; 1·67, 5·26).ConclusionsWhen implemented in strategic locations such as transport hubs, AFS like F&V markets offer a promising strategy to improve F&V access among populations that may be constrained in their food acquisition practices, including low-income populations and those relying on public transportation.

The effect of plant stanol- and sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Gylling ◽  
Tatu A Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Plant Stanol ◽  
Plant Stanol Esters

Phytosterols are plant sterols, mainly campesterol and sitosterol, and their respective stanols (5α-saturated derivatives), which chemically resemble cholesterol. They are present in a normal diet and are absorbed proportionally to cholesterol, but to a much lesser extent, such that less than 0.1% of serum sterols are plant sterols. Phytosterols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, and fat-soluble plant stanol esters were introduced as a functional food for lowering serum cholesterol in the early 1990s; plant sterol esters entered the market at the end of the 1990s. Inhibition of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol stimulates cholesterol synthesis, a factor which limits serum cholesterol lowering to about 10% with phytosterols. Enrichment of the diet with plant stanol esters reduces absorption and serum concentrations of both cholesterol and plant sterols, whereas enrichment of the diet with plant sterol esters, especially in combination with statins, lowers serum cholesterol but increases serum plant sterol levels. Recent studies have suggested that high-serum plant sterol levels may be associated with increased coincidence of coronary heart disease. Estimates of coronary heart disease reduction by 20-25% with plant sterols/stanols is based mainly on short-term studies. Long-term cholesterol lowering, needed for the prevention of coronary heart disease, may be successful with plant stanol esters, which lower serum cholesterol in both genders over at least a year.

scholarly journals Nutrient and food intakes differ among Latina subgroups during pregnancy

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Hromi-Fiedler ◽  
Angela Bermúdez-Millán ◽  
Sofia Segura-Pérez ◽  
Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Β Carotene

AbstractObjectiveTo document nutrient and food group serving intakes from food sources among Latina subgroups living in the same geographical area.DesignA cross-sectional study. Nutrient and food group serving intakes were assessed by means of a 24 h recall administered immediately after a prenatal survey.SettingHartford, CT, USA.SubjectsA total of 233 low-income pregnant Latinas. For analyses, Latinas were classified into two groups on the basis of self-reported ethnic identity: Puerto Ricans and non-Puerto Rican Latinas.ResultsPuerto Rican Latinas were more likely than non-Puerto Rican Latinas to be more acculturated and to consume foods (i.e. processed meat, cheese, soft drinks) and higher levels of nutrients (i.e. fat, SFA, MUFA, trans fatty acids) that have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases. By contrast, non-Puerto Rican Latinas were more likely to consume foods (i.e. fruits, dark green/yellow vegetables, tomatoes, non-starchy vegetables) and higher levels of nutrients (i.e. fibre, vegetable protein, folate, β-carotene) that promote health when compared with Puerto Rican Latinas.ConclusionsFindings suggest that acculturation may play a role in dietary intake. Clinicians and dietitians need to be aware of these differences to encourage healthy eating patterns among more acculturated pregnant Latina clients.

Regulatory Aspects Related to Plant Sterol and Stanol Supplemented Foods

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 750-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Zawistowski ◽  
Peter Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
America South

Abstract This chapter reviews regulatory frameworks for plant sterol containing functional foods in various jurisdictions including Europe, North America, South America, Asia and, Australia/New Zealand. Included is a discussion on approval of plant sterols as novel food ingredients in some countries, as well as details on the type of health claims permitted in the marketing and sale of foods enriched with plant sterols within each jurisdiction. Based on the abundance of clinical trial data, many countries around the world have now approved the use of claims relating the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols, further attesting to their value as functional food ingredients.

Cardiovascular Safety of Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenther Silbernagel ◽  
Iris Baumgartner ◽  
Winfried März
Keyword(s):  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Safety Issues

Abstract Plant sterols and stanols as components of functional foods are widely used for cholesterol lowering. The regular intake of these functional foods is associated with a decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol of about 10 % and an increase in plasma plant sterol or stanol concentrations by about a factor of 2. There is no doubt that a decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol is beneficial to cardiovascular health. However, due to the concomitant increase in circulating plant sterols safety issues associated with the intake of plant sterol containing functional foods have been raised. Herein, we will review and evaluate those arguments raised against the use of plant sterols and stanols.

Effects of Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sum Yu Pansy Yue ◽  
Todd C Rideout ◽  
Scott V Harding
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

Abstract The cholesterol lowering effects of plant sterols and stanols are a well-established complementary means by which to reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. The average reduction in LDL cholesterol concentrations is approximately –10% following a 28-day supplementation protocol. There is very little known regarding what, if any, effect plant sterols and stanols have on other cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and endothelial function. Here we review the available literature on this topic and attempt to draw conclusions regarding any benefit or risk for blood pressure and endothelial function linked to plant sterol and stanol supplementation. Generally there has been very little work focusing on changes in blood pressure or endothelial function following plant sterol or stanol intervention, but these factors have been measured in some cases as secondary outcomes. Overall, there is little evidence to support either positive or negative effects of plant sterol or stanol supplementation of blood pressure and the data surrounding endothelial function is quite inconclusive. This area of research would benefit from well controlled mechanistic studies in animals and primary interventions in humans which focus on ambulatory blood pressure, central blood pressure and endothelial function.

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