scholarly journals Dietary Oligofructose Alone or in Combination with 2′-Fucosyllactose Differentially Improves Recognition Memory and Hippocampal mRNA Expression

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Fleming ◽  
Austin T. Mudd ◽  
Jonas Hauser ◽  
Jian Yan ◽  
Sylviane Metairon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Novel Object Recognition Task ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Structural Brain

Mounting evidence suggests that dietary oligosaccharides promote brain development. This study assessed the capacity of oligofructose (OF) alone or in combination with 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) to alter recognition memory, structural brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of three milk replacers formulated to contain OF, OF + 2′-FL, or no oligosaccharides (CON). Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1 or 48 h at PND 22. At PND 32–33, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs that consumed the OF diet demonstrated increased recognition memory after a 1 h delay, whereas those consuming diets containing OF + 2′-FL displayed increased recognition memory after a 48 h delay. Pigs fed OF or OF + 2′-FL exhibited a larger relative volume of the olfactory bulbs compared with CON pigs. Provision of OF or OF + 2′-FL altered gene expression related to dopaminergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, cell adhesion, and chromatin remodeling processes. Collectively, these data indicate that dietary OF and OF + 2′-FL differentially improve cognitive performance and affect olfactory bulb structural development and hippocampal gene expression.

scholarly journals Longitudinal structural and functional brain development in childhood and adolescence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Mills ◽  
Christian K. Tamnes
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
And Function

The development of the human brain involves a prolonged course of maturation, enabling us to learn to navigate our complex social environments. Here, we give short introductions to post-mortem and animal studies on postnatal brain development and selected methodological considerations for longitudinal developmental neuroimaging. We then describe typical developmental changes in brain structure and function from childhood to adulthood. We focus on measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on longitudinal data. Specifically, we discuss brain structural development based on morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies, and functional development based on resting-state and task-based functional MRI. Finally, we highlight selected current overarching research questions and argue that an important step in answering these questions is to study individual differences in longitudinal brain development.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Infusion of Zeta Inhibitory Peptide Impairs Recent, but Not Remote, Recognition Memory in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jena B. Hales ◽  
Amber C. Ocampo ◽  
Nicola J. Broadbent ◽  
Robert E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Inhibitory Peptide ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Novel Object Recognition Task

Spatial memory in rodents can be erased following the infusion of zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) into the dorsal hippocampus via indwelling guide cannulas. It is believed that ZIP impairs spatial memory by reversing established late-phase long-term potentiation (LTP). However, it is unclear whether other forms of hippocampus-dependent memory, such as recognition memory, are also supported by hippocampal LTP. In the current study, we tested recognition memory in rats following hippocampal ZIP infusion. In order to combat the limited targeting of infusions via cannula, we implemented a stereotaxic approach for infusing ZIP throughout the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral hippocampus. Rats infused with ZIP 3–7 days after training on the novel object recognition task exhibited impaired object recognition memory compared to control rats (those infused with aCSF). In contrast, rats infused with ZIP 1 month after training performed similar to control rats. The ability to form new memories after ZIP infusions remained intact. We suggest that enhanced recognition memory for recent events is supported by hippocampal LTP, which can be reversed by hippocampal ZIP infusion.

scholarly journals Modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis by probiotics in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (11) ◽  
pp. G989-G998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob R. Emge ◽  
Kevin Huynh ◽  
Elaine N. Miller ◽  
Manvir Kaur ◽  
Colin Reardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Novel Object Recognition Task ◽  
Active Inflammation

Anxiety, depression, and altered memory are associated with intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Understanding the link between these behavioral changes and IBD is important clinically since concomitant mood disorders often increase a patient's risk of requiring surgery and developing secondary functional gastrointestinal diseases. Anxiety-like behavior (light/dark box test) and recognition memory (novel object recognition task) were determined at the peak and during resolution of inflammation in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) mouse model of acute colitis. DSS (5 days) was administered via drinking water followed by 3 or 9 days of normal drinking water to assess behavior during active or resolving inflammation, respectively. Disease (weight, colon length, and histology) was assessed and the composition of the gut microbiota was characterized by using qPCR on fecal pellet DNA. In a subset of mice, pretreatment with probiotics was started 1 wk prior to commencing DSS. During active inflammation (8 days), mice demonstrated impaired recognition memory and exhibited anxiety-like behavior vs. controls. These behavioral defects were normalized by 14 days post-DSS. Shifts in the composition of the gut microbiota were evident during active inflammation, notably as decreases in lactobacilli and segmented filamentous bacteria, which were also reversed once the disease had resolved. Administration of probiotics could prevent the behavioral defects seen in acute DSS. Taken together, our findings indicate that changes in mood and behavior are present during acute inflammation in murine IBD and associated with dysbiosis and that these outcomes can be prevented by the administration of probiotics.

scholarly journals Longitudinal structural and functional brain development in childhood and adolescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Mills ◽  
Christian K. Tamnes
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
And Function

The development of the human brain involves a prolonged course of maturation, enabling us to learn to navigate our complex social environments. Here, the authors give short introductions to post-mortem and animal studies on postnatal brain development and selected methodological considerations for longitudinal developmental neuroimaging. The authors then describe typical developmental changes in brain structure and function from childhood to adulthood. The authors focus on measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on longitudinal data. Specifically, the authors discuss brain structural development based on morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies, and functional development based on resting-state and task-based functional MRI. Finally, the authors highlight selected current overarching research questions and argue that an important step in answering these questions is to study individual differences in longitudinal brain development.

scholarly journals Immune system challenge improves recognition memory and reverses malaria-induced cognitive impairment in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Pereira de Sousa ◽  
Flávia Lima Ribeiro-Gomes ◽  
Roberto Farina de Almeida ◽  
Tadeu Mello e Souza ◽  
Guilherme Loureiro Werneck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Type 2 Immune Response ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Novel Object Recognition Task

AbstractThe immune system plays a role in the maintenance of healthy neurocognitive function. Different patterns of immune response triggered by distinct stimuli may affect nervous functions through regulatory or deregulatory signals, depending on the properties of the exogenous immunogens. Here, we investigate the effect of immune stimulation on cognitive-behavioural parameters in healthy mice and its impact on cognitive sequelae resulting from non-severe experimental malaria. We show that immune modulation induced by a specific combination of immune stimuli that induce a type 2 immune response can enhance long-term recognition memory in healthy adult mice subjected to novel object recognition task (NORT) and reverse a lack of recognition ability in NORT and anxiety-like behaviour in a light/dark task that result from a single episode of mild Plasmodium berghei ANKA malaria. Our findings suggest a potential use of immunogens for boosting and recovering recognition memory that may be impaired by chronic and infectious diseases and by the effects of ageing.

scholarly journals Influence of Dietary Polar Lipid Supplementation on Memory and Longitudinal Brain Development

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2486
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Fil ◽  
Sangyun Joung ◽  
Jonas Hauser ◽  
Andreas Rytz ◽  
Courtney A. Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Lipid Supplementation

Polar lipids, which are found in human milk, serve essential functions within biological membranes, hence their importance in brain development and cognition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects on brain macrostructural and microstructural development and recognition memory of early-life polar lipid supplementation using the translational pig model. Twenty-eight intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were provided either a control diet (n = 14) or the control diet supplemented with polar lipids (n = 14) from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all animals were provided the same nutritionally-adequate diets until postnatal week 24. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 8 longitudinal time-points to model brain macrostructural and microstructural developmental trajectories. The novel object recognition task was implemented at postnatal weeks 4 and 8 to evaluate recognition memory. Subtle differences were observed between groups in hippocampal absolute brain volumes and fractional anisotropy, and no differences in myelin water fraction developmental patterns were noted. Behavioral outcomes did not differ in recognition memory, and only minimal differences were observed in exploratory behaviors. Our findings suggest that early-life dietary supplementation of polar lipids has limited effect on brain developmental patterns, object recognition memory, and exploratory behaviors.

scholarly journals Imaging structural brain development in childhood and adolescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian K. Tamnes ◽  
Kathryn L. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Brain Morphometry ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Structural Brain ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Dti

The human brain undergoes a remarkably protracted development. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has allowed us to capture these changes through longitudinal investigations. In this chapter, we describe the typical developmental trajectories of human brain structure between childhood and early adulthood. We focus on measurements of brain morphometry and measurements derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). By integrating findings from multiple longitudinal investigations with seminal cellular studies, we describe neurotypical patterns of structural brain development and possible underlying biological mechanisms. Finally, we highlight several new measures and approaches to examine structural brain development.

ATF4, DLX3, FRA1, MSX2, C/EBP-ζ, and C/EBP-α Shape the Molecular Basis of Therapeutic Effects of Zoledronic Acid in Bone Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 2274-2284
Author(s):  
Faroogh Marofi ◽  
Jalal Choupani ◽  
Saeed Solali ◽  
Ghasem Vahedi ◽  
Ali Hassanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Zoledronic Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Promoter Methylation ◽  
Methylation Level ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scheduled Time

Objective: Zoledronic Acid (ZA) is one of the common treatment choices used in various boneassociated conditions. Also, many studies have investigated the effect of ZA on Osteoblastic-Differentiation (OSD) of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), but its clear molecular mechanism(s) has remained to be understood. It seems that the methylation of the promoter region of key genes might be an important factor involved in the regulation of genes responsible for OSD. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in the mRNA expression and promoter methylation of central Transcription Factors (TFs) during OSD of MSCs under treatment with ZA. Materials and Methods: MSCs were induced to be differentiated into the osteoblastic cell lineage using routine protocols. MSCs received ZA during OSD and then the methylation and mRNA expression levels of target genes were measured by Methylation Specific-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (MS-qPCR) and real.time PCR, respectively. The osteoblastic differentiation was confirmed by Alizarin Red Staining and the related markers to this stage. Results: Gene expression and promoter methylation level for DLX3, FRA1, ATF4, MSX2, C/EBPζ, and C/EBPa were up or down-regulated in both ZA-treated and untreated cells during the osteodifferentiation process on days 0 to 21. ATF4, DLX3, and FRA1 genes were significantly up-regulated during the OSD processes, while the result for MSX2, C/EBPζ, and C/EBPa was reverse. On the other hand, ATF4 and DLX3 methylation levels gradually reduced in both ZA-treated and untreated cells during the osteodifferentiation process on days 0 to 21, while the pattern was increasing for MSX2 and C/EBPa. The methylation pattern of C/EBPζ was upward in untreated groups while it had a downward pattern in ZA-treated groups at the same scheduled time. The result for FRA1 was not significant in both groups at the same scheduled time (days 0-21). Conclusion: The results indicated that promoter-hypomethylation of ATF4, DLX3, and FRA1 genes might be one of the mechanism(s) controlling their gene expression. Moreover, we found that promoter-hypermethylation led to the down-regulation of MSX2, C/EBP-ζ and C/EBP-α. The results implicate that ATF4, DLX3 and FRA1 may act as inducers of OSD while MSX2, C/EBP-ζ and C/EBP-α could act as the inhibitor ones. We also determined that promoter-methylation is an important process in the regulation of OSD. However, yet there was no significant difference in the promoter-methylation level of selected TFs in ZA-treated and control cells, a methylation- independent pathway might be involved in the regulation of target genes during OSD of MSCs.

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