scholarly journals Nutritional Supplements to Support Resistance Exercise in Countering the Sarcopenia of Aging

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McKendry ◽  
Brad S. Currier ◽  
Changhyun Lim ◽  
Jonathan C. Mcleod ◽  
Aaron C.Q. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Skeletal muscle plays an indispensable role in metabolic health and physical function. A decrease in muscle mass and function with advancing age exacerbates the likelihood of mobility impairments, disease development, and early mortality. Therefore, the development of non-pharmacological interventions to counteract sarcopenia warrant significant attention. Currently, resistance training provides the most effective, low cost means by which to prevent sarcopenia progression and improve multiple aspects of overall health. Importantly, the impact of resistance training on skeletal muscle mass may be augmented by specific dietary components (i.e., protein), feeding strategies (i.e., timing, per-meal doses of specific macronutrients) and nutritional supplements (e.g., creatine, vitamin-D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids etc.). The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based account of nutritional strategies to enhance resistance training-induced adaptations in an attempt to combat age-related muscle mass loss. In addition, we provide insight on how to incorporate the aforementioned nutritional strategies that may support the growth or maintenance of skeletal muscle and subsequently extend the healthspan of older individuals.

Resistance Training Frequency Confers Greater Muscle Quality in Aged Individuals: A Brief NHANES Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall A Naimo ◽  
Ja K Gu ◽  
Christa Lilly ◽  
George A Kelley ◽  
Brent A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Age Related

Background: Sarcopenia, the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, results in a loss of strength and functional capacity, which subsequently increases the risk of disease, disability frailty, and all-cause mortality. Skeletal muscle quality (MQ), i.e., strength per unit muscle mass, is the ability of muscle to perform its functions, and evidence indicates it is a more influential variable underlying age-related declines in muscle function than losses in muscle mass. Resistance training (RT) is known for enhancing skeletal MQ, improving health span, and reducing mortality; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the relationship between RT frequency and MQ in an aged population. Thus, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that greater MQ in older individuals is associated with RT frequency. Methods: Utilizing data from 2,391 older adults in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES; 1999-2002), a secondary analysis of data was performed to see if an association existed between RT frequency and MQ in persons aged 55 years and older. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with three different models. Individuals were stratified into two groups based on how many days per week they performed RT: Insufficient (i.e., < two days per week) or sufficient (≥ two days per week). Muscle quality was calculated by taking the average peak force (Newtons) obtained from an isokinetic dynamometer and dividing it by lean mass, excluding bone mineral content (grams), obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The alpha level was set at <0.05. Results: For persons aged 55 and over, a statistically significant association was found between sufficient RT and greater MQ in both unadjusted as well as adjusted models that accounted for various demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics (p<0.05 for all). However, when limited to those 65 and older, no statistically significant associations were observed between sufficient RT and greater MQ (p>0.05 for all). When partitioned according to those 55 to 64 years of age and those 55 to 79 years, a statistically significant association was again observed (p<0.05 for all). No statistically significant associations were observed for individuals 65-79 years of age or those 80 years of age and older (p>0.05 for all). Conclusions: Sufficient amounts of RT are associated with greater MQ in selected older individuals. A need exists for future randomized controlled trials that examine the dose-response relationship between resistance training and MQ in older adults.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease – A brief review

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Donato ◽  
◽  
Catarina Teixeira ◽  
Sónia Velho ◽  
Edgar Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Muscle Dysfunction ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Sarcopenia is a progressive age -related loss of muscle mass associated with a decline in muscle function and physical performance. Patients with chronic kidney disease experience substantial loss of muscle mass, weakness, and poor physical performance. Indeed, with the progression of chronic kidney disease, skeletal muscle dysfunction contributes to mobility limitation, loss of functional independence, and vulnerability to disease complications. There is a lack of robust data on the negative effect of the impact of kidney disease on skeletal muscle dysfunction, as well as on screening and treatment strategies that can be used in clinical practice to prevent functional decline and disability. Therefore, sarcopenia may be an underestimated condition with major implications for people with chronic kidney disease, even before the start of dialysis, which makes research into this topic necessary. The purpose of this review is to expand on some fundamental topics of sarcopenia, with an emphasis on the setting of chronic kidney disease patients.

scholarly journals The Impact of Whey Protein and/or Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Body Composition, Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Health in Postmenopausal Women (SHAPE Study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 500-500
Author(s):  
Aubree Hawley ◽  
Angela Tacinelli ◽  
Sam Walker ◽  
Xinya Liang ◽  
Jamie Baum
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Age-related deleterious shifts in body composition can lead to sarcopenia, which is the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. Furthermore, declines in endogenous estrogen production during the menopausal transition are associated with muscle mass loss and increased central adiposity, putting postmenopausal women at increased risk for negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of protein and/or omega-3 fatty acid (O3FA) supplementation on metabolic health in postmenopausal women. Methods Thirty-nine postmenopausal women (age: 61.3 ± 8.7 years; BMI: 27.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to one of 5 groups: 1) control (CON; no intervention free-living; n = 6), 2) whey protein isolate (PRO; 25 g/d; n = 7), 3) O3FA (DHA/EPA; 4.3 g/d; n = 10), 4) PRO + placebo soybean oil (PRO + PLA; 4.1 g/d; n = 7), or 5) PRO + O3FA (n = 9). Energy expenditure via indirect calorimetry, dietary intake via 3-day weighed dietary records, hand grip strength (HGS), and metabolic health were assessed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks.  Body composition was measured via dual x-ray absorptiometry at 0 and 16 weeks. Metabolic health was assessed using waist-to-hip ratio and biomarkers such as plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Results There was not an effect of treatment effect on anthropometrics, body composition, HGS, or resting energy expenditure. However, a decrease in android fat % was observed in PRO compared to baseline (P &lt; 0.05) in the absence of anthropometric change (BMI, weight, waist, hip). A significant group by time effect was observed on resting fat oxidation (P &lt; 0.05); O3FAs (+34.6%; P &lt; 0.05) and PRO + O3FAs (+55.6%; P &lt; 0.05) significantly increased and PRO decreased (−37.8%; P &lt; 0.05) from baseline to 16 weeks.  There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in cholesterol in all groups compared to CON. Conclusions Although not significant, the data suggests individual and combined supplementation of protein and O3FA have the potential to improve body composition and substrate oxidation in postmenopausal women. NCT0303041 Funding Sources Arkansas Biosciences Institute

scholarly journals The Impact of Resistance Training on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Functional Fitness in Older Women (45–80 Years): A Systematic Review (2010–2020)

Women ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-168
Author(s):  
Lynda B. Ransdell ◽  
Heidi A. Wayment ◽  
Nanette Lopez ◽  
Cori Lorts ◽  
Anna L. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Functional Fitness ◽  
Dietary Manipulation ◽  
The Impact

As women age, they typically experience a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which can lead to a decline in functional fitness and quality of life. Resistance training (RT) has the potential to attenuate these losses. Although well established for men, evidence regarding the benefits of RT for women is sparse and inconsistent: prior reviews include too few studies with women and do not adequately examine the interactive or additive impacts of workload, modalities, and nutritional supplements on outcomes such as muscle mass (MM), body composition (BC), muscle strength (MS), and functional fitness (FF). The purpose of this review is to identify these gaps. Thirty-eight papers published between 2010 and 2020 (in English) represent 2519 subjects (mean age = 66.89 ± 4.91 years). Intervention averages include 2 to 3 × 50 min sessions across 15 weeks with 7 exercises per session and 11 repetitions per set. Twelve studies (32%) examined the impact of RT plus dietary manipulation. MM, MS, and FF showed positive changes after RT. Adding RT to fitness regimens for peri- to postmenopausal women is likely to have positive benefits.

Timing of creatine or protein supplementation and resistance training in the elderly

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren G. Candow ◽  
Philip D. Chilibeck
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fiber Number

Muscle loss with age has a negative effect on strength and functional independence. Age-related loss of muscle is the result of decreased muscle fiber number and size, which are functions of altered hormonal status, physical inactivity, and variations in nutritional intake. Resistance training has a positive effect on muscle mass and strength in the elderly. Studies of protein or creatine supplementation for increasing muscle mass and strength in older individuals are equivocal. The timing of nutritional supplementation may be more important than the absolute daily intake of supplements. Protein or creatine ingestion proximate to resistance-training sessions may be more beneficial for increasing muscle mass and strength than ingestion of protein or creatine at other times of the day, possibly because of increased blood flow and therefore increased transport of amino acids and creatine to skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Morgan ◽  
Benoit Smeuninx ◽  
Leigh Breen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Sarcopenia is of important clinical relevance for loss of independence in older adults. The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (“sarcopenic-obesity”) is increasing at a rapid rate. However, whilst the development of sarcopenia is understood to be multi-factorial and harmful to health, the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on skeletal muscle in aging, is poorly understood. Specifically, the presence of obesity in older age may be accompanied by a greater volume of skeletal muscle mass in weight-bearing muscles compared with lean older individuals, despite impaired physical function and resistance to anabolic stimuli. Collectively, these findings support a potential paradox in which obesity may protect skeletal muscle mass in older age. One explanation for these paradoxical findings may be that the anabolic response to weight-bearing activity could be greater in obese vs. lean older individuals due to a larger mechanical stimulus, compensating for the heightened muscle anabolic resistance. However, it is likely that there is a complex interplay between muscle, adipose, and external influences in the aging process that are ultimately harmful to health in the long-term. This narrative briefly explores some of the potential mechanisms regulating changes in skeletal muscle mass and function in aging combined with obesity and the interplay with sarcopenia, with a particular focus on muscle morphology and the regulation of muscle proteostasis. In addition, whilst highly complex, we attempt to provide an updated summary for the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on muscle mass and function in older age. We conclude with a brief discussion on treatment of sarcopenia and obesity and a summary of future directions for this research field.

scholarly journals PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT RESCUE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION–HEAVY RESISTANCE TRAINING IS REQUIRED

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S86-S87
Author(s):  
Lars Holm ◽  
Rasmus Bechshoeft ◽  
Soren Reitelseder ◽  
Kenneth Mertz ◽  
Jacob Bulow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Heavy Resistance Training ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The requirement of an enhanced dietary protein intake to counteract the age-related loss of muscle mass is still debated. Further, the dinner meal generally contains the majority of protein and energy and since, the muscle of older adults responds less to protein intake than that of younger adults it is hypothesized that older adults would benefit from taking more protein in at other meals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the provision of protein supplements for breakfast and lunch meals over the course of a year would make healthy, older, home-dwelling adults (N=136) take in more protein and whether that then would affect their muscle mass (primary outcome) and a number of metabolic health parameters, muscle strength parameters and functional capabilities. More than 77% ingested more than 75% of the provided supplements, irrespective of supplementation type (isocaloric carbohydrate; collagen hydrolysate low quality protein: whey hydrolysate high quality protein). Providing supplementation for a year among older adults makes them comply very well. However, provision of extra protein has no impact on the muscle mass or strength or on the functional parameters. Further, we studied the impact of adding resistance training on top of WHEY protein supplementation and found that heavy more than light-load resistance training affects fat-free mass and maximal-voluntary contraction. Daily protein intake can be enhanced by supplementation but do not impact muscle mass and function over the course of a year, where heavy resistance training on top benefits, but to a lesser than expected degree.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanism and Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3032
Author(s):  
Anna Picca ◽  
Riccardo Calvani
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Strength Function ◽  
Age Related

Sarcopenia involves a progressive age‐related decline of skeletal muscle mass and strength/function [...]

scholarly journals Relationship between age-related decreases in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and skeletal muscle mass in Japanese women

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1.2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko Sato ◽  
Teruhiro Morishita ◽  
Takafumi Katayama ◽  
Shigeko Satomura ◽  
Hiroko Okuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Age Related ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

scholarly journals Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Y. Oikawa ◽  
Tristin D. Brisbois ◽  
Luc J. C. van Loon ◽  
Ian Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Active Aging ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

AbstractSkeletal muscle mass losses with age are associated with negative health consequences, including an increased risk of developing metabolic disease and the loss of independence. Athletes adopt numerous nutritional strategies to maximize the benefits of exercise training and enhance recovery in pursuit of improving skeletal muscle quality, mass, or function. Importantly, many of the principles applied to enhance skeletal muscle health in athletes may be applicable to support active aging and prevent sarcopenia in the healthy (non-clinical) aging population. Here, we discuss the anabolic properties of protein supplementation in addition to ingredients that may enhance the anabolic effects of protein (e.g. omega 3 s, creatine, inorganic nitrate) in older persons. We conclude that nutritional strategies used in pursuit of performance enhancement in athletes are often applicable to improve skeletal muscle health in the healthy older population when implemented as part of a healthy active lifestyle. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which these nutrients may induce favourable changes in skeletal muscle and to determine the appropriate dosing and timing of nutrient intakes to support active aging.

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