scholarly journals Development and Validation of Surveys to Estimate Food Additive Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Gina L. Trakman ◽  
Winnie Lin ◽  
Amy L. Wilson-O’Brien ◽  
Annalise Stanley ◽  
Amy L. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Recent Part ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Development And Validation

(1) Background: The Food Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) International Food Standards Codex Alimentarius CXS 192e International Food Standards (hereafter, CODEX) declares additives non-toxic, but they have been associated with changes to the microbiota changes and thinning of the mucus layer of the gut. Their widespread use has occurred in parallel with increased inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence. This paper reports on the development and validation of surveys to estimate additive intake. (2) Methods: Dietitians created a food-additive database, with a focus on additives that have been associated with IBD. For each additive, information on the CODEX food-category they are permitted in and the associated maximum permissible levels (mg/kg) was recorded. Based on the database, questions to assess early life (part 1) and recent (part 2) additive intake were written. Forward–backward translation from English to Chinese was undertaken. Thirty-one individuals were evaluated to assess understandability. A further fifty-seven individuals completed the tool on two occasions, a fortnight apart; agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient or the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). (3) Results: The participants reported that it was difficult to remember food intake and estimate portion sizes. The participants also noted confusion around the term ‘home-grown’. Instructions and definitions were added; after this, respondents judged the questionnaires as clear. The average kappa coefficient for part 1 and part 2 questions were 0.61 and 0.67, respectively. The average ICC ranged from 0.30 to 0.94; three food lists were removed due to low reliability. (4) Conclusions: Two tools have been created and validated, in two languages, that reliably assess remote and recent food additive intake.

STEVIA PLANT - ALTERNATIVE SWEETNER IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1217
Author(s):  
Jovana Džoljić ◽  
Ljiljana Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Functional Class ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Food and Agricultural Organization as a “sweeteners” consider products used for sweetening derived from sugar crops, cereals, fruits or milk, or that are produced by insects. Sweeteners, as an additive, have important role for technological functions of food, especially in providing texture, bulk and color, and also as preservative agents. Regardless the numerous sweeteners, alternative sweeteners to sucrose are in main focus for implementation in food industry. Nowadays Food and Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization Food standards, Codex Alimentarius Commission (2018) accepted list of 27 food additives that have the functional class “sweetener”. Nowadays, alternative sweeteners and their application in food technology are in main focus of scientist. Stevia plant stands for one of the most important natural intense sweetener, since stevia glycosides are almost 400 times sweeter than sucrose. Extracts of stevia represents a powerful tool for reducing sugars in food and beverages, which can be acceptable substitutes to full sugar versions of this products. Regarding the data of Euromonitor international, new food products containing stevia grew 10% from 2016 to 2017. The biggest increment in stevia use was noticed in categories of snacks, juice drinks, dairy, carbonated soft drinks and confectionery. Barriocanal et al. (2008) highlighted that safety studies reported no negative side effects of stevia use. Can be expected that in recent future use of S. rebaudiana as sweetener would be extended to almost all the world’s countries, regarding all discovered beneficial health effects.

scholarly journals Inflammatory bowel disease and COVID-19: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabin Hamal ◽  
◽  
Rahul Pathak ◽  
Brindeswari Kafle Bhandari ◽  
Anurag Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Infectious Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel

The World Health Organization officially declared infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and then as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 with reports of infection from most of the countries of the world [1]. COVID-19 has severely disrupted prevention and treatment for noncommunicable diseases. Severe illness can occur in otherwise healthy individuals of any age, but it predominantly occurs in adults with advanced age or certain underlying medical comorbidities [2]. Since the beginning of the health emergency, particular attention has been paid to the management of patients with chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) because they frequently are treated with immunosuppressive drugs and therefore potentially are exposed to a greater infectious risk than the general population [3].

Scale Development and Validation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Gupta ◽  
Arun Aggarwal ◽  
Sanjay Gupta ◽  
Anchal
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
The Impact

The current paper takes a tourism-focused perspective to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the attitude of the tourist to travel. For this, the present paper conceptualize, develop, and validate the multi-dimensional scale on preventive measures of COVID-19. Further, we have developed a new model named Financial Crisis from Contagious Disease (FCCD)-stimulator to assess the impact of the virus on the short term performance of the global tourism industry. The study was exploratory, where initial items were generated through the qualitative method. The purification of the scale items and extraction of the distinct factors were performed through a quantitative approach (exploratory factor analysis). Further, the confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the scale. The findings of the study manifested a multi-dimensional scale measuring the preventive measures of COVID-19 in the tourism context. The research renders a 25 item scale with four distinct factors named Isolation (7-items), Quarantine (7-items), Social Distancing (6-items), and Community Containment (5-items). The present scale will add to the literature of COVID-19 in the context of the tourism industry. The authors assume that this will be the first comprehensive scale, prepared on the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), that will measure the effect of preventive measures of COVID-19 on the attitude of the tourist to travel during a pandemic situation.

scholarly journals Διερεύνηση της επίδρασης της λειτουργικότητας-ανικανότητας των πασχόντων από ιδιοπαθή φλεγμονώδη νοσήματα του εντέρου (ΙΦΝΕ) στην ποιότητα ζωής

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Κωνσταντίνος Αργυρίου
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Health Measurement ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Patient Concerns

Σκοποί και στόχοι: Σκοποί της παρούσας ερευνητικής εργασίας ήταν η εκτίμηση του επιπέδου ανικανότητας (οριζόμενη σύμφωνα με το εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο που καθορίζει η διεθνής ταξινόμηση για την λειτουργικότητα) και η ανάδειξη συγκεκριμένων τομέων της λειτουργικότητας που οι πάσχοντες από ιδιοπαθή φλεγμονώδη νοσήματα του εντέρου (ΙΦΝΕ) αντιμετώπιζαν τους μεγαλύτερους περιορισμούς, καθώς και η διερεύνηση της σχέσης της εκτιμηθείσας ανικανότητας με την ποιότητα ζωής (ΠΖ) και τα χαρακτηριστικά του υπό μελέτη πληθυσμού ασθενών.Επιπρόσθετα, οι επιμέρους στόχοι που τέθηκαν αφορούσαν την περιγραφή των ανησυχιών του ίδιου πληθυσμού και την καταγραφή των αρνητικών επιδράσεων που ασκεί στους οικείους φροντιστές το βάρος των απαιτήσεων της φροντίδας των πασχόντων, καθώς και η διερεύνηση της σχέσης της ανάμεσα στο επίπεδο ανησυχίας των πασχόντων και στην επιβάρυνση των φροντιστών με τα χαρακτηριστικά του αντίστοιχου υπό μελέτη πληθυσμού.Υλικό και Μεθοδολογία έρευνας: Η μελέτη διήρκεσε τρία χρόνια (2013-2016) και περιελάμβανε 200 ασθενείς (52% ελκώδη κολίτιδα (ΕΚ)) και 181 φροντιστές από ένα τριτοβάθμιο κέντρο αναφοράς στην κεντρική Ελλάδα. Η αναπηρία αξιολογείται χρησιμοποιώντας την έκδοση 36 ερωτήσεων του ερωτηματολογίου World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). Η ΠΖ των φροντιστών αξιολογήθηκε με την Short Form survey (SF-36), ενώ των πασχόντων με το ερωτηματολόγιο SF-36 και το Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). Οι ανησυχίες των πασχόντων και οι αρνητικές επιδράσεις της φροντίδας στην υγεία των οικείων φροντιστών αξιολογήθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας την βαθμονομημένη κλίμακα των ανησυχιών των πασχόντων από ΙΦΝΕ ( Rating Form of IBD patient Concerns-RFIPC) και το ερωτηματολόγιο αυτοαξιολόγησης "Πώς είσαι;" ( caregiver self-assessment questionnaire “How Are You ?”- CSAQ) της Αμερικανικής Ιατρικής Εταιρείας , αντίστοιχα. Η μετάφραση του RFIPC και της CSAQ και η επακόλουθη αξιολόγηση των ιδιοτήτων μέτρησης πραγματοποιήθηκαν βάσει των διεθνών συστάσεων που προέκυψαν κατόπιν ομοφωνίας αναφορικά με την επιλογή των εργαλείων μέτρησης της υγείας (consensus based standards for the selection of the health measurement instruments- COSMIN). Η ανεξάρτητη επίδραση των χαρακτηριστικών του αντίστοιχου υποπληθυσμού συμμετεχόντων στην ολική ανικανότητα, στις ανησυχίες και στην επιβάρυνση των φροντιστών αξιολογήθηκε με γραμμική παλινδρόμηση.Αποτελέσματα: Οι ασθενείς με νόσο του Crohn (ΝΚ) εμφάνιζαν μεγαλύτερη ολική ανικανότητα σε σύγκριση με εκείνους που έπασχαν από ΕΚ (19,22 έναντι 15,01, p = 0,001), με τις υψηλότερες βαθμολογίες να σημειώνονται στους τομείς των σχέσεων, των δραστηριοτήτων ζωής και της συμμετοχής. Η ανικανότητα συνδεόταν αρνητικά με την ΠΖ (p <0,001). Η μακρά ενεργότητα, η εκτεταμένη νόσος, η διαμονή σε αγροτική περιοχή και η ολική απασχόληση επηρέαζαν ανεξάρτητα την ολική ανικανότητα και στις δύο ομάδες των ασθενών. Επιπλέον, σημαντικές επιδράσεις καταγράφηκαν για το χαμηλό επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης στην ΕΚ και για το ιστορικό χειρουργικών επεμβάσεων και την αγαμία στην ομάδα της ΝΚ. Η εγκυρότητα και η αξιοπιστία ήταν υψηλή και για τα δύο ερωτηματολόγια. Τα αποτελέσματα του RFIPC σχετίζονταν αρνητικά με την ΠΖ (p <0,001). Ανησυχίες αναφορικά με την άγνωστη φύση της ασθένειας, την απώλεια αυτοέλεγχου, την πρόσβαση σε ποιοτική υγειονομική περίθαλψη, τις παρενέργειες της θεραπείας και το επίπεδο ενέργειας κυριαρχούσαν στον πληθυσμό μας. Η ενεργός νόσος, η πλήρης απασχόληση, η αγαμία και το χαμηλό επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης σχετίζονταν με υψηλότερο επίπεδο σχετικών με την ασθένεια ανησυχιών. Το 50,8% των φροντιστών βρέθηκε να χρήζει ανάγκης υποστήριξης. Η πλειοψηφία των φροντιστών ήταν γυναίκες μέσης ηλικίας με δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση και πλήρης απασχόληση. Το 76,8% του πληθυσμού ήταν έγγαμοι με παιδιά. Το 64,1% ήταν συγγενείς πρώτου βαθμού,ενώ κανένας από τους φροντιστές δεν ήταν επαγγελματίας. Το 37% είχε επιπλέον βοήθεια όταν ένιωθε ότι την χρειαζόταν. Υψηλός επιπολασμός άγχους (64%) και αισθήματος απώλειας της ευεξίας (53%) καταγράφηκε μεταξύ των φροντιστών. Η ανάγκη για υποστήριξη συσχετίστηκε έντονα με αυξημένο επίπεδο στρες (r = 0,848, p = 0,001), μειωμένη ευεξία (r = 0,936, p = 0,001) και χειρότερη ΠΖ (r> 0,8, p = 0,001) στους φροντιστές. Η ενεργός νόσος (β = 0,521, p = 0,001), η νοσηλεία των φροντιζομένων στην κλινική (β = 0,250, p = 0,001) και η έλλειψη άλλου φροντιστή (β = 0.124, p = 0.027) σχετίζονταν ανεξάρτητα με την αυξημένη ανάγκη των φροντιστών για ανακούφιση από την φροντίδα.Συμπεράσματα: Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τους πιθανούς περιορισμούς της παρούσας μελέτης,1. Οι ασθενείς με ΝΚ συναντούσαν περισσότερους περιορισμούς στην καθημερινή τους ζωή σε σύγκριση με εκείνους που έπασχαν από ΕΚ, ειδικά στους τομείς των σχέσεων, των δραστηριοτήτων και της συμμετοχής,2. εκτός από τους παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με τη νόσο, τα κοινωνικοδημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά σχετίζονταν αρνητικά με την ολική ανικανότητα των πασχόντων,3. ο καθορισμός του προφίλ των λειτουργικών περιορισμών των ασθενών με ΙΦΝΕ δύναται να έχει ιδιαίτερη σημασία για τους επαγγελματίες υγείας κατά το σχεδιασμό και την οργάνωση παρεμβάσεων που έχουν ως στόχο τη βελτίωση ή την πρόληψη της σχετιζόμενης με τα ΙΦΝΕ ανικανότητας,4. οι ελληνικές εκδόσεις του RFIPC και του CSAQ είναι έγκυρες και αξιόπιστες και μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε μελλοντικές μελέτες,5. ανησυχίες που σχετίζονται με την άγνωστη φύση της νόσου, την απώλεια αυτοέλεγχου, την πρόσβαση στην ποιοτική υγειονομική περίθαλψη, τις παρενέργειες της θεραπείας και το ενεργειακό επίπεδο κυριάρχησαν στον πληθυσμό των ασθενών μας,6. εκτός από την ενεργό νόσο, το χαμηλό επίπεδο εκπαίδευσης, η αγαμία και η ολική απασχόληση βρέθηκε ότι σχετίζονται με υψηλότερα επίπεδα ανησυχιών στον πληθυσμό μας, υποδεικνύοντας πιθανές ομάδες-στόχους για μελλοντικές παρεμβάσεις,7. υψηλό ποσοστό των φροντιστών είχε επηρεαστεί αρνητικά από την εμπειρία της φροντίδας, με παρόμοιο ποσοστό να έχει ανάγκη υποστήριξης και να βιώνει υψηλό στρες,8. οι υποτροπές της νόσου, η νοσηλεία των φροντιζομένων και η απουσία άλλου φροντιστή σχετίστηκαν με αυξημένη επιβάρυνση των φροντιστών,9. η υποστήριξη των οικείων φροντιστών δύναται, όχι μόνο να μειώσει το επίπεδο του στρες που βιώνουν, αλλά και να βελτιώσει το επίπεδο ευεξίας και την ΠΖ.

scholarly journals Television marketing of food and beverage targeted to children, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Gianfredi ◽  
F Rabica ◽  
G Dallagiacoma ◽  
C Fatigoni ◽  
M Moretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Product ◽  
High Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Marketing ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Italian Children

Abstract Aim According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40 million children aged &lt; 5 and 131 million of children aged 5-9 are overweight or obese. Growing evidence is focusing on the association between number of hours spent watching television (TV) and children's food behaviour. Our aim was to assess the amount of TV food marketing targeted to Italian children, and to qualitatively analyse the ads. Methods The 5 most viewed TV channels were selected and recorded for 20 days (non-consecutive, both week and week-end days) and analysed through the WHO's tool to asses food -beverage multimedia marketing targeted to children. The analysed exposure variables were: type of product, viewing time, channel's target and broadcasting company (for all types of ads), duration of each food ad, type of programme, and target of the advertised product (only for food and beverage). Power of persuasion variables were assessed only for food marketing. Lastly, for each food product showed, the food category and if it was a core vs non-core product was assessed. Differences between groups were assessed using the chi-square test and t-test. Results During 320 hours of broadcasting TV, a total of 9,069 ads were identified, (51.7 hours). Food products were the second most frequently advertised (19.4%). On average, 5.4 food ads were displayed during non-peak viewing time/hour (6 during peak). The time slot of 3 pm had the highest rate of food ads (23.8%). Channels targeted to the general public had a higher rate of food ads compared to channels targeted to children (p = 0.000). Private channels transmitted a higher number of food ads compared to public channels (p = 0.000). Humour was the most frequently persuasive technique used in food ads and in ads targeted to whole population (14.3%). Conclusions Children usually watch TV programs that have a high rate of food ads, mainly promoting unhealthy products with captivating techniques. Legislators should advocate for a healthier food marketing. Key messages Children are exposed to a high amount of TV food commercials daily. Food marketing should be strictly regulated in accordance with the WHO Nutrient Profile model.

scholarly journals Latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected adults of Kinshasa, DR Congo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Kadima ◽  
Pascal Lutumba ◽  
Michel Kaswa ◽  
Vivi Maketa ◽  
Junior Matangila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
World Health ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Dr Congo ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Latent Tb Infection ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) End Tuberculosis Strategy calls for a 90% reduction in tuberculosis (TB) deaths and an 80% reduction in the incidence rate between 2015 and 2035. The 2018 WHO guidelines recognize the need for high-burden countries to implement outreach and treatment for the most vulnerable patients with latent TB infection (LTBI) in addition to treating patients with the active disease. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) is among the countries bearing the highest burden of TB. However, additional data on LTBI is required for effective policy and strategy against the disease. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of LTBI in HIV-infected adults in Kinshasa, DR Congo. Methods Over two hundred HIV-infected adult residents of Kinshasa were screened using both TUBERTEST®, which is a tuberculin skin test (TST), and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus® (QFT-Plus), which is an interferon gamma release assay. LTBI was screened using TST, QFT-Plus, and a combination of the two tests. The agreement between TST and QFT-Plus was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. Results A total of 248 HIV-infected persons were enrolled in the study. Seventy-six patients (30.7% IC 95%: 25.2-36.7) had a positive TST result. Sixty-four (25.8% IC 95%: 20.7-31.6) had a positive QFT-Plus test result. The Kappa coefficient between TST and QFT-Plus was 0.225. Conclusions The prevalence of LTBI among HIV positive adults in Kinshasa was high considering either the positive TST or the positive QFT-Plus. However, the two tests had poor agreement.

scholarly journals Toxic Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water and Possible Effect on Sex Hormones among Men in Sabongida-Ora, Edo State, Nigeria

Medicines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Osaro Ogie Enehizena ◽  
Mathias A. Emokpae
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dug Well

Drinking water can be a potential source of toxic metals, which are a known leading cause of infertility in men. This study determines the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) in drinking water (borehole, hand-dug well and treated water) and sex hormone levels (serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PROL), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), and testosterone (T) in males who drink water mainly from these sources. The concentrations of Cd, and Pb in hand-dug wells were higher than the permissible limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) while Zn and Cu were within the permissible levels in drinking water. Blood Cd and Pb levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) among subjects who consumed hand-dug and borehole water than treated water, while serum Zn was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in hand-dug well and borehole water consumers than in control subjects. Also, serum FSH (p < 0.001), LH (p < 0.001), E2 (p < 0.002), PROG (p < 0.04) and T (p < 0.001) were significantly lower among hand-dug well and borehole water consumers than controls, while PROL (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in hand-dug well and borehole water consumers than controls. Blood Cd and Pb levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in hand-dug well water consumers than borehole water consumers. The consumption of water from hand-dug wells may have adverse reproductive sequelae among consumers.

scholarly journals The Health Benefits of Heavy Metals in Herbal Drinks, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
World Health ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Toxic Metal Contamination

Herbal drinks are on the increase as they are being imported into developing countries like Nigeria for perceived medicinal uses. The presence of heavy metals in herbal drinks has received special attention due to their interactions with drugs and consequent effect in public health. Toxic metal contamination of soil, aqueous waste streams and groundwater causes major environmental and human health problems. Ten brands of herbal drinks from different supermarkets in Nigeria were randomly sampled and purchased. All samples were pretreated using acid digestion and the concentration of selected heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Co, and Cr) and metals (Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. For all the herbal samples analyzed, heavy metals such as arsenic (As) and Copper (Co) were the predominant heavy metals that were detected while the rest were of low significant values using the available analytical technique, also the analyzed metals that were equally present in large proportion were Magnesium and Calcium. The metals analyzed occur within varying concentrations. In comparison with permissible levels of herbal products by World Health Organization (Pb) 10ppm, (As) 10ppm, (Cd) 0.30ppm, it can be concluded that the herbal drinks although very useful and medicinal, they can pose health risk to the consumer if not properly processed or purified.

scholarly journals Inflammatory bowel disease and COVID-19: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabin Hamal ◽  
◽  
Rahul Pathak ◽  
Brindeswari Kafle Bhandari ◽  
Anurag Jha; Arun Gnawali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Infectious Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel

The World Health Organization officially declared infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and then as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 with reports of infection from most of the countries of the world [1]. COVID-19 has severely disrupted prevention and treatment for noncommunicable diseases. Severe illness can occur in otherwise healthy individuals of any age, but it predominantly occurs in adults with advanced age or certain underlying medical comorbidities [2]. Since the beginning of the health emergency, particular attention has been paid to the management of patients with chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) because they frequently are treated with immunosuppressive drugs and therefore potentially are exposed to a greater infectious risk than the general population [3].

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