scholarly journals Biomarkers of a Healthy Nordic Diet—From Dietary Exposure Biomarkers to Microbiota Signatures in the Metabolome

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Landberg ◽  
Kati Hanhineva
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Nordic Diet ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Whole diets and dietary patterns are increasingly highlighted in modern nutrition and health research instead of single food items or nutrients alone. The Healthy Nordic Diet is a dietary pattern typically associated with beneficial health outcomes in observational studies, but results from randomized controlled trials are mixed. Dietary assessment is one of the greatest challenges in observational studies and compliance is a major challenge in dietary interventions. During the last decade, research has shown the great importance of the gut microbiota in health and disease. Studies have have both shown that the Nordic diet affects the gut microbiota and that the gut microbiota predicts the effects of such a diet. Rapid technique developments in the area of high-throughput mass spectrometry have enabled the large-scale use of metabolomics both as an objective measurement of dietary intake as well as in providing the final readout of the endogenous metabolic processes and the impact of the gut microbiota. In this review, we give an update on the current status on biomarkers that reflect a Healthy Nordic Diet or individual components thereof (food intake biomarkers), biomarkers that show the effects of a Healthy Nordic Diet and biomarkers reflecting the role of a Healthy Nordic Diet on the gut microbiota as well as how the gut microbiota or derived molecules may be used to predict the effects of a Healthy Nordic Diet on different outcomes.

scholarly journals BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3741-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirosh D Aluthge ◽  
Dana M Van Sambeek ◽  
Erin E Carney-Hinkle ◽  
Yanshuo S Li ◽  
Samodha C Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.

Toward functional proteomics of alveolar macrophages

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (4) ◽  
pp. L585-L595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng M. Wu ◽  
Ming Jin ◽  
Clay B. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocyte ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Impact

Alveolar macrophages (AM) belong to a phenotype of macrophages with distinct biological functions and important pathophysiological roles in lung health and disease. The molecular details determining AM differentiation from blood monocytes and AM roles in lung homeostasis are largely unknown. With the use of different technological platforms, advances in the field of proteomics have made it possible to search for differences in protein expression between AM and their precursor monocytes. Proteome features of each cell type provide new clues into understanding mononuclear phagocyte biology. In-depth analyses using subproteomics and subcellular proteomics offer additional information by providing greater protein resolution and detection sensitivity. With the use of proteomic techniques, large-scale mapping of phosphorylation differences between the cell types have become possible. Furthermore, two-dimensional gel proteomics can detect germline protein variants and evaluate the impact of protein polymorphisms on an individual's susceptibility to disease. Finally, surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization (SELDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry offers an alternative method to recognizing differences in protein patterns between AM and monocytes or between AM under different pathological conditions. This review details the current status of this field and outlines future directions in functional proteomic analyses of AM and monocytes. Furthermore, this review presents viewpoints of integrating proteomics with translational topics in lung diseases to define the mechanisms of disease and to uncover new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals The Impact of Micronutrients-Calcium, Vitamin D, Selenium, Zinc in Cardiovascular Health: A Mini Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harini Narayanam ◽  
Suresh V. Chinni ◽  
Sumitha Samuggam
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Cardiac Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

The role of micronutrients in health and disease has increased the curiosity and interest among researchers. The prime focus of this review is the significance of trace elements- calcium, vitamin D, selenium and zinc with cardiovascular health. WHO identified cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as the leading cause of deaths globally. Identifying the risk factors that could be modified and creating new treatment strategies remains to be the main concern for CVD prevention. The data that showed the relationship between trace elements and various ways in which they may contribute to cardiovascular health and disease from clinical trials and observational studies were collected from databases such as PubMed and Embase. Based on these collected data, it shows that either high or low circulating serum levels can be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Micronutrients through diet contribute to improved cardiac health. However, due to our current lifestyle, there is a huge dependency on dietary supplements. Based on the observational studies, it is evident that supplements cause sudden increase in the circulating levels of the nutrients and result in cardiovascular damage. Thus, it is advisable to restrict the use of supplements, owing to the potent risks it may cause. In order to understand the exact mechanism between micronutrients and cardiac health, more clinical studies are required.

scholarly journals Impact of a Moderately Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Italian Obese Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pisanu ◽  
Vanessa Palmas ◽  
Veronica Madau ◽  
Emanuela Casula ◽  
Andrea Deledda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Although it is known that the gut microbiota (GM) can be modulated by diet, the efficacy of specific dietary interventions in determining its composition and diversity in obese patients remains to be ascertained. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of a moderately hypocaloric Mediterranean diet on the GM of obese and overweight patients (OB). The GM of 23 OB patients (F/M = 20/3) was compared before (T0) and after 3 months (T3) of nutritional intervention (NI). Fecal samples were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. At baseline, GM characterization confirmed typical obesity-associated dysbiosis. After 3 months of NI, patients presented a statistically significant reduction in body weight and fat mass, along with changes in the relative abundance of many microbial patterns. In fact, an increase in the abundance of several Bacteroidetes taxa (i.e., Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingobacterium, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella stercorea) and a depletion of many Firmicutes taxa (i.e., Lachnospiraceae members, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus, Veillonellaceae, Catenibacterium, Megamonas) were observed. In addition, the phylum Proteobacteria showed an increased abundance, while the genus Sutterella, within the same phylum, decreased after the intervention. Metabolic pathways, predicted by bioinformatic analyses, showed a decrease in membrane transport and cell motility after NI. The present study extends our knowledge of the GM profiles in OB, highlighting the potential benefit of moderate caloric restriction in counteracting the gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Microbial Enterotypes, Inferred by the Prevotella-to-Bacteroides Ratio, Remained Stable during a 6-Month Randomized Controlled Diet Intervention with the New Nordic Diet

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 1142-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik M. Roager ◽  
Tine R. Licht ◽  
Sanne K. Poulsen ◽  
Thomas M. Larsen ◽  
Martin I. Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nordic Diet ◽  
New Nordic Diet

ABSTRACTIt has been suggested that the human gut microbiota can be divided into enterotypes based on the abundance of specific bacterial groups; however, the biological significance and stability of these enterotypes remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrated that subjects (n= 62) 18 to 65 years old with central obesity and components of metabolic syndrome could be grouped into two discrete groups simply by their relative abundance ofPrevotellaspp. divided byBacteroidesspp. (P/Bratio) obtained by quantitative PCR analysis. Furthermore, we showed that these groups remained stable during a 6-month, controlled dietary intervention, where the effect of consuming a diet in accord with the new Nordic diet (NND) recommendations as opposed to consuming the average Danish diet (ADD) on the gut microbiota was investigated. In this study, subjects (with and without stratification according toP/Bratio) did not reveal significant changes in 35 selected bacterial taxa quantified by quantitative PCR (ADD compared to NND) resulting from the dietary interventions. However, we found higher total plasma cholesterol within the high-P/Bgroup than in the low-P/Bgroup after the intervention. We propose that stratification of humans based simply on theirP/Bratio could allow better assessment of possible effects of interventions on the gut microbiota and physiological biomarkers.

scholarly journals Impact of a Moderately Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Italian Obese Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pisanu ◽  
Vanessa Palmas ◽  
Veronica Madau ◽  
Emanuela Casula ◽  
Andrea Deledda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Although it is known that the gut microbiota (GM) can be modulated by diet, the efficacy of specific dietary interventions in determining its composition and diversity in obese patients remains to be ascertained. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of a moderately hypocaloric Mediterranean diet on the GM of obese and overweight patients (OB). The GM of 23 OB patients (F/M= 20/3) was compared before (T0) and after 3 months (T3) of the nutritional intervention (NI). Fecal samples were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. At baseline, the GM characterization confirmed the typical obesity-associated dysbiosis. After 3 months of NI, patients presented a statistically significant reduction of the body weight and fat mass, along with changes in the relative abundance of many microbial patterns. In fact, we observed an increased abundance in several Bacteroidetes taxa (i.e. Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingobacterium, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella stercorea) and depletion of many Firmicutes taxa (i.e. Lachnospiraceae members, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus, Veillonellaceae, Catenibacterium, Megamonas). In addition, the phylum Proteobacteria showed an increased abundance, while the genus Sutterella, within the same phylum, decreased after the intervention. Metabolic pathways, predicted by bioinformatic analyses, showed a decrease in membrane transport and cell motility after NI. The present study extends our knowledge of the GM profiles in OB, highlighting the potential benefit of a moderate caloric restriction in counteracting the gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Commensal bacteria differentially shape the nutritional requirements of Drosophila during juvenile growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessika Consuegra ◽  
Théodore Grenier ◽  
Patrice Baa-Puyoulet ◽  
Isabelle Rahioui ◽  
Houssam Akherraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe interplay between nutrition and the microbial communities colonizing the gastro-intestinal tract (i.e. gut microbiota) determines juvenile growth trajectory. Nutritional deficiencies trigger developmental delays, and an immature gut microbiota is a hallmark of pathologies related to childhood undernutrition. However, how commensal bacteria modulate the impact of nutrition on juvenile growth remains elusive. Here, using gnotobiotic Drosophila melanogaster larvae independently associated with two model commensal bacterial strains, Acetobacter pomorumWJL (ApWJL) and Lactobacillus plantarumNC8 (LpNC8), we performed a large-scale, systematic nutritional screen based on larval growth in 40 different and precisely controlled nutritional environments. We combined these results with genome-based metabolic network reconstruction to define the biosynthetic capacities of Drosophila germ-free (GF) larvae and its two commensal bacteria. We first established that ApWJL and LpNC8 differentially fulfills the nutritional requirements of the ex-GF larvae and parsed such difference down to individual amino acids, vitamins, other micronutrients and trace metals. We found that Drosophila commensal bacteria not only fortify the host’s diet with essential nutrients but, in specific instances, functionally compensate for host auxotrophies, by either providing a metabolic intermediate or nutrient derivative to the host or by uptaking, concentrating and sparing contaminant traces of micronutrients. Our systematic work reveals that, beyond the molecular dialogue engaged between the host and its commensal partners, Drosophila and its facultative bacterial partners establish an integrated nutritional network relying on nutrients sparing and utilization.

scholarly journals Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R Leeming ◽  
Abigail J Johnson ◽  
Tim D Spector ◽  
Caroline I Le Roy
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modifiable Factor ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Dietary Strategies

The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.

scholarly journals A multidimensional Mendelian randomization study on the impact of gut dysbiosis on chronic diseases and human longevity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloi Gagnon ◽  
Patricia Mitchell ◽  
Hasanga D Manikpurage ◽  
Erik Abner ◽  
Nele Taba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
The Impact

Alterations of the gut microbiota, often referred to as gut dysbiosis, have been associated with several chronic diseases and longevity in pre-clinical models as well as in observational studies. Whether these relationships underlie causal associations in humans remains to be established. We aimed to determine whether gut dysbiosis influences the risk of chronic diseases and longevity using a comprehensive 2-Sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) approach. We included as exposures inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a human model of gut dysbiosis, 11 gut-associated metabolites and pathways and 48 microbial taxa. Study outcomes included eight chronic diseases previously linked with gut dysbiosis using observational studies (Alzheimer's disease, depression, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease) as well as parental longevity and life expectancy. Neither IBD, nor gut-associated metabolites were causally associated with chronic disease or lifespan. After multiple testing correction for 582 tests, no microbial taxa-chronic disease associations remained significant. After robustness analyses and multivariate MR to correct for body mass index and alcohol intake on all 42 nominally significant causal relationships, four associations remained. Altogether, results of this multidimensional Mendelian randomization study suggest that gut dysbiosis has little impact on chronic diseases and human longevity and that previous documented associations may not underly causal relationships. Studies with larger sample sizes and more optimal taxonomic discrimination may ultimately be required to determine whether the human gut microbiota plays a causal role in the etiology of chronic diseases and longevity.

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