scholarly journals A Critical Appraisal of Strategies to Optimize Vitamin D Status in Germany, a Population with a Western Diet

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Saternus ◽  
Thomas Vogt ◽  
Jörg Reichrath
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
German Population ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D

During the last decade, our scientific knowledge of the pleiotropic biological effects of vitamin D metabolites and their relevance to human health has expanded widely. Beyond the well-known key role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis and bone health, it has been shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a broad variety of independent diseases, including several types of cancer, and with increased overall mortality. Moreover, recent findings have demonstrated biological effects of the vitamin D endocrine system that are not mediated via activation of the classical nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) by binding with high affinity to its corresponding ligand, the biologically active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). In contrast, many of these new biological effects of vitamin D compounds, including regulation of the circadian clock and many metabolic functions, are mediated by other vitamin D metabolites, including 20-hydroxyvitamin D and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D, and involve their binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and retinoid-orphan receptor (ROR). In most populations, including the German population, UVB-induced cutaneous vitamin D production is the main source for fulfilling the human body’s requirements of vitamin D. However, this causes a dilemma because solar or artificial UVR exposure is associated with skin cancer risk. In addition to UVB-induced vitamin D production in skin, in humans, there are two other possible sources of vitamin D: from diet and supplements. However, only a few natural foods contain substantial amounts of vitamin D, and in most populations, the dietary source of vitamin D cannot fulfill the body´s requirements. Because an increasing body of evidence has convincingly demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, it is the aim of this paper to (i) give an update of the vitamin D status in a population with a western diet, namely, the German population, and to (ii) develop strategies to optimize the vitamin D supply that consider both the advantages as well as the disadvantages/risks of different approaches, including increasing vitamin D status by dietary intake, by supplements, or by UVB-induced cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D.

scholarly journals Implications of Vitamin D Research in Chickens can Advance Human Nutrition and Perspectives for the Future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew F Warren ◽  
Kimberly A Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract The risk of vitamin D insufficiency in humans is a global problem that requires improving ways to increase vitamin D intake. Supplements are a primary means for increasing vitamin D intake, but without a clear consensus on what constitutes vitamin D sufficiency, there is toxicity risk with taking supplements. Chickens have been used in many vitamin D-related research studies, especially studies involving vitamin D supplementation. Our state-of-the-art review evaluates vitamin D metabolism and how the different hydroxylated forms are synthesized. We provide an overview with how vitamin D is absorbed, transported, excreted, and what tissues in the body store vitamin D metabolites. We also discuss a number of studies involving vitamin D supplementation with broilers and laying hens. Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity are also described and how they can be caused. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is important for vitamin D metabolism. However, there is much more that can be understood with VDR in chickens. Potential research aims involving vitamin D and chickens should explore VDR mechanisms which could lead to newer insights with VDR. Utilizing chickens in future research to help with elucidating vitamin D mechanisms has great potential to advance human nutrition. Finding ways to increase vitamin D intake will be necessary because the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in many populations. Chickens can provide a dual purpose with addressing pandemic-caused vitamin D deficiency: 1) vitamin D supplementation gives chickens added value with possibly leading to vitamin D-enriched meat and egg products; and 2) chickens’ use in research provides data for translational research. Expanding vitamin D-related research in chickens to include more nutritional aims in vitamin D status has great implications with developing better strategies to improve human health.

Vitamin D status in Mexican children 1 to 11 years of age: an update from the Ensanut 2018-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (3 May-Jun) ◽  
pp. 382-393
Author(s):  
Mario E Flores ◽  
Marta Rivera-Pasquel ◽  
Andrys Valdez-Sánchez ◽  
Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora ◽  
Alejandra Contreras-Manzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Mexican Children

Objective. To evaluate vitamin D status and deficiency in Mexican children and related factors, with updated data from a representative national survey. Materials and methods. Data and serum samples of child participants were collected in the Ensanut 2018-19. The measurement 25-(OH)-D was obtained through chemiluminescence. Height and weight, as well as dietary information, were measured using a semi-quan­titative food frequency questionnaire and sociodemographic information. Results. Data of 4 691 children aged 1-11 years were analyzed. Vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D<50 nmol/L) was found in 27.3% of pre-school-age children and 17.2% of school-age children, and was positively associated with the body mass index (BMI). Main dietary sources were milk, eggs and dairy products, which in combination provided >70% of vitamin D intake. Conclusions. Vitamin D deficiency is important in Mexican children. Actions and programs to fight this deficiency are required.

Effects of Vitamin D Status on Inflammatory Markers in Obese Subjects: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-275
Author(s):  
Geórgia R.R. de Alencar ◽  
Lailton da Silva Freire ◽  
Beatriz de Mello Pereira ◽  
Verbena R. da Silva ◽  
Aline C. Holanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
High Concentrations

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated the role of micronutrients in the manifestation of comorbidities associated with obesity. Vitamin D deficiency, in particular, appears to be associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers, which may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation, elevating the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of observational studies conducted to investigate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on inflammatory markers in obese subjects. Methodology: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the “STROBE” and PRISMA recommendations. Observational studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin D status on inflammatory markers in obese subjects were selected and reviewed. Searches were conducted in the PubMed, SciVerse Scopus, and Web of Science databases from February 21 to 22, 2018. Results: After the selection and removal of duplicate articles, 10 eligible articles were identified. Results from eight observational studies showed an association between vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in the body and increased concentrations of inflammatory markers in obese individuals. On the other hand, two of the studies did not demonstrate any correlation. With regard to the inflammatory markers evaluated, eight studies showed high concentrations of ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, five studies found an increase in interleukin-6 concentrations, and two studies noted increased levels of tumor necrosis factor. Conclusion: The data presented in this systematic review provide evidence of the association between vitamin D deficiency and increased inflammation in obesity.

scholarly journals Is There Pandemic Vitamin D Deficiency in the Black Population? A Review of Evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria S. Roberts ◽  
Fafa Huberta Koudoro ◽  
Mark S. Elliott ◽  
Zhiyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Serum Vitamin D

Although 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is the biologically active form of vitamin D, measurement of the total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level is the gold standard used to define vitamin D status. Currently, it is widely accepted that serum 25 (OH) D levels below 20 ng/ml defines vitamin D deficiency. According to this definition, there appears to be pandemic vitamin D deficiency in the Black population. However, there is no evidence of higher-than-normal rates of common complications and symptomology of true vitamin D deficiency in the Black population. What is going on? We researched the MEDLINE databases to find studies, from 1967 to present, that directly compare between Blacks and Caucasians the following: serum vitamin D level, serum calcium level, serum parathyroid hormone level, bone mineral density and health, and non-skeletal risks associated with vitamin D deficiency. The available studies consistently show that Blacks tend to have serum 25(OH)D levels in the deficient range while their serum 1,25(OH)D level is similar to, if not even slightly higher than that of Caucasians, and that the serum Ca2+ level in Blacks is virtually identical to that in Caucasians. Therefore, it appears that the serum 25(OH)D level is not the best marker of vitamin D sufficiency or deficiency in Blacks. In the future, clinical evaluation of the vitamin D status in the Black population needs to consider other serum biomarkers such as 1,25(OH)2D and/or bioavailable 25(OH)D.

scholarly journals The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on its Metabolism and the Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Francic ◽  
Stan R. Ursem ◽  
Niek F. Dirks ◽  
Martin H. Keppel ◽  
Verena Theiler-Schwetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Metabolite Ratio ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Additional Value

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is commonly measured to assess vitamin D status. Other vitamin D metabolites such as 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) provide additional insights into vitamin D status or metabolism. Earlier studies suggested that the vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR), calculated as 24,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D, could predict the 25(OH)D increase after vitamin D supplementation. However, the evidence for this additional value is inconclusive. Therefore, our aim was to assess whether the increase in 25(OH)D after supplementation was predicted by the VMR better than baseline 25(OH)D. Plasma samples of 106 individuals (25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L) with hypertension who completed the Styrian Vitamin D Hypertension Trial (NC.T.02136771) were analyzed. Participants received vitamin D (2800 IU daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. The treatment effect (ANCOVA) for 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3 and the VMR was 32 nmol/L, 3.3 nmol/L and 0.015 (all p < 0.001), respectively. Baseline 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 predicted the change in 25(OH)D3 with comparable strength and magnitude. Correlation and regression analysis showed that the VMR did not predict the change in 25(OH)D3. Therefore, our data do not support routine measurement of 24,25(OH)2D3 in order to individually optimize the dosage of vitamin D supplementation. Our data also suggest that activity of 24-hydroxylase increases after vitamin D supplementation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Vitamin D Status in Male Osteoporosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad H Al-oanzi ◽  
Stephen P Tuck ◽  
Nicholas Raj ◽  
John S Harrop ◽  
Gregory D Summers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Idiopathic Osteoporosis ◽  
Free Vitamin D

Abstract Background: Clinical assessment of vitamin D status often relies on measuring total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), but much of each vitamin D metabolite is bound to plasma vitamin D–binding protein (DBP), such that the percentage of free vitamin is very low. We hypothesized that measurement of free rather than total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and 25OHD3 may provide better assessment of vitamin D status. We therefore aimed to assess vitamin D status in men with idiopathic osteoporosis, in whom possible secondary causes of osteoporosis had been excluded, and to determine the extent of change in biologically active “free” vitamin D caused by variation in plasma DBP concentrations. Methods: We measured 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25OHD3 in plasma samples from 56 men with idiopathic osteoporosis [mean (SD) age, 59.6 (13.6) years; range, 21–86 years] and 114 male controls [62.4 (10.4) years; range, 44–82 years]. Results: Mean total plasma 25OHD3 in the 56 men with osteoporosis and the 114 controls was 44.7 (21) and 43.3 (17) nmol/L, respectively; total plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 measured in randomly selected men with osteoporosis (n = 50) and controls (n = 50) was 90 (37) and 103 (39) pmol/L, respectively. Mean plasma DBP was significantly higher (P &lt;0.001) in men with osteoporosis [224 (62) mg/L; n = 56] than in the controls [143 (34) mg/L; n = 114], but calculated free plasma 25OHD3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were significantly lower in the osteoporotic men than in controls [6.1 (3.1) vs 9.1 (4.4) pmol/L (P &lt;0.00001) and 77 (37) vs 142 (58) fmol/L (P &lt;0.00001), respectively]. Conclusions: Measurement of total vitamin D metabolites alone, although providing a crude assessment of vitamin D status, may not give an accurate indication of the free (biologically active) form of the vitamin. The ratio of total 25OHD3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 to plasma DBP, rather than total circulating vitamin D metabolites, may provide a more useful index of biological activity. Further studies are required to substantiate this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Analytical considerations for the biochemical assessment of vitamin D status

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Couchman ◽  
Cajetan F Moniz
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Interlaboratory Variability

The most widely used and clinically accepted biochemical marker for assessing vitamin D status is the total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. Despite the analysis of 25(OH)D dating back to the early 1970s, modern analytical techniques still exhibit significant interassay variability due to varying concentrations of other related vitamin D metabolites and sample-to-sample matrix differences. It is important for clinicians requesting 25(OH)D analyses to understand these issues and limitations, and where necessary to confront laboratories for details of analytical methods used. The availability of reference measurement procedures for 25(OH)D based on liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, whilst not intended for routine clinical sample analysis, should be utilized to improve assay harmonization and reduce interlaboratory variability. Laboratories should also be forthcoming with details of subscriptions to external quality assessment schemes and assay traceability. As well as discussing the reasons for ongoing assay variability for 25(OH)D, this short review will also briefly discuss other assays related to the assessment of vitamin D status, including parathyroid hormone, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D binding proteins.

scholarly journals MON-388 Total and Free 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in Postmenopausal Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingqiong Meng ◽  
Sue A Shapses ◽  
Xiangbing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Background: Vitamin D3 is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in liver, and only after it goes to kidney is it converted to its biologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. Also, the majority of both total 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D are tightly bound to vitamin D bind protein (DBP) and only a small portion remains in free form. In certain patient populations, like primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), concentrations of free vitamin D metabolites may be affected by altered levels of binding protein. Objective: To evaluate total and free 1,25(OH)2D levels in PHPT patients and healthy controls. Methods: Thirty female patients with PHPT and 30 healthy age and body mass index (BMI) matched controls were enrolled (57.1 ± 9.8 years and BMI of 32.2 ± 7.2 kg/m2). Serum levels of calcium, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), DBP, total 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels were examined. Serum free 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels were calculated using equations adapted from Bikle et al. Results: There were no significant differences in age and BMI between groups. Compared to controls, patients with PHPT had lower total 25(OH)D (25.2 ± 7.5 vs. 19.3 ± 6.4 ng/mL; p &lt;0.001) and DBP levels (40.7± 3.1 vs. 36.5 ± 5.7 mg/dL; p &lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in total 1,25(OH)2D levels or calculated free 25(OH)D levels between PHPT patients and controls; but the calculated free 1,25(OH)2D levels were 27% higher in the PHPT patients compared to controls (p&lt;0.001). The calculated free (but not total) 1,25(OH)2D level was inversely correlated with DBP (r=-0.35, p&lt;0.01) and positively correlated with iPTH levels (r=0.33, p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Postmenopausal patients with PHPT had lower serum total 25(OH)D, but similar free 25(OH)D levels. In contrast, total 1,25(OH)2D levels did not differ between patients and controls; however, patients had higher free 1,25(OH)2D. Because total 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels do not reflect free levels, standard clinical measures of circulating vitamin D may not be an accurate estimate of true vitamin D status in patients with PHPT. References: Bikle et al. Serum Protein Binding of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: A Reevaluation by Direct Measurement of Free Metabolite Levels. JCEM 1985;61:969-75.

scholarly journals A Novel Rat Model of Vitamin D Deficiency: Safe and Rapid Induction of Vitamin D and Calcitriol Deficiency without Hyperparathyroidism

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea W. D. Stavenuiter ◽  
Maria Vittoria Arcidiacono ◽  
Evelina Ferrantelli ◽  
Eelco D. Keuning ◽  
Marc Vila Cuenca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Serum Pth

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a range of clinical disorders. To study the mechanisms involved and improve treatments, animal models are tremendously useful. Current vitamin D deficient rat models have important practical limitations, including time requirements when using, exclusively, a vitamin D deficient diet. More importantly, induction of hypovitaminosis D causes significant fluctuations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mineral levels, complicating the interpretation of study results. To overcome these shortcomings, we report the successful induction of vitamin D deficiency within three weeks, with stable serum PTH and minerals levels, in Wistar rats. We incorporated two additional manoeuvres compared to a conventional diet. Firstly, the vitamin D depleted diet is calcium (Ca) enriched, to attenuate the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Secondly, six intraperitoneal injections of paricalcitol during the first two weeks are given to induce the rapid degradation of circulating vitamin D metabolites. After three weeks, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25D) levels had dropped below detection limits, with unchanged serum PTH, Ca, and phosphate (P) levels. Therefore, this model provides a useful tool to examine the sole effect of hypovitaminosis D, in a wide range of research settings, without confounding changes in PTH, Ca, and P.

Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Minerals From Birth to 18 Months of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. I. Effects of Sex, Race, Age, Season, and Diet on Vitamin D Status

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-890
Author(s):  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
B. L. Specker ◽  
R. C. Tsang ◽  
F. Mimouni ◽  
C. Gormley
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Vitamin D Binding Protein ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

The influence of sex, race, age, season, and diet (cow's milk formula v human milk) on the vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein status in infants less than 18 months of age was investigated in this crosssectional, prospective study of 198 infants. No differences by sex were observed in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or vitamin D-binding protein concentrations. By race, black infants had significantly elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels relative to white infants. By age, vitamin D-binding protein concentrations increased with increasing age. By season, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were low in winter, whereas 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein were high in winter compared with summer. By diet, formula-fed infants had higher serum concentrations of all measured vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D-binding protein than human milk-fed infants. Thus, race, age, season, and diet exert, individually or in combination, different and significant effects on vitamin D metabolites; these should be considered in assessing infant vitamin D status.

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