scholarly journals The Influence of Early Nutrition on Brain Growth and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Babies: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Cormack ◽  
Jane E. Harding ◽  
Steven P. Miller ◽  
Frank H. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
The Many ◽  
Meta Analyses

Extremely preterm babies are at increased risk of less than optimal neurodevelopment compared with their term-born counterparts. Optimising nutrition is a promising avenue to mitigate the adverse neurodevelopmental consequences of preterm birth. In this narrative review, we summarize current knowledge on how nutrition, and in particular, protein intake, affects neurodevelopment in extremely preterm babies. Observational studies consistently report that higher intravenous and enteral protein intakes are associated with improved growth and possibly neurodevelopment, but differences in methodologies and combinations of intravenous and enteral nutrition strategies make it difficult to determine the effects of each intervention. Unfortunately, there are few randomized controlled trials of nutrition in this population conducted to determine neurodevelopmental outcomes. Substantial variation in reporting of trials, both of nutritional intakes and of outcomes, limits conclusions from meta-analyses. Future studies to determine the effects of nutritional intakes in extremely preterm babies need to be adequately powered to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes separately in boys and girls, and designed to address the many potential confounders which may have clouded research findings to date. The development of minimal reporting sets and core outcome sets for nutrition research will aid future meta-analyses.

Associated risks of smoking and possible benefits of cessation in Covid-19: a rapid narrative review

10.21149/9371 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2, Mar-Abr) ◽  
pp. 262-267
Author(s):  
Andrea Hernández-Pérez ◽  
Leonor García-Gómez ◽  
Sebastián Rodríguez-Llamazares ◽  
Ireri Thirión-Romero ◽  
Jennifer Osio-Echánove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
The Many ◽  
Meta Analyses

Objective. To describe the possible risks associated to smoking in the spread and complications of Covid-19, em­phasizing in the benefits of quitting smoking. Materials and methods. The narrative review methodology and the established process for Cochrane rapid reviews were used. Results. The scientific evidence related to smoking and Covid-19 remains limited. However, there is an already documented trend in cross-sectional, clinical studies and meta-analyses on the increased risk of adverse outcomes with Covid-19 associated with tobacco use. Conclusions. It is necessary to issue a warning that persons who smoke would have greater risks in the Covid-19 pandemic, which add to the many already known risks of tobacco use. Thus, quitting smoking becomes a relevant preventive measure to better confront SARS-CoV-2.    

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Ahmed Zaky ◽  
Hebatallah AM Shaaban ◽  
Mohamed OA Dawoud ◽  
Kareem SEF Madbouly ◽  
Shaymaa M Deifalla
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Delay ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background A majority of extremely preterm infants are treated with mechanical ventilation, which is associated with an increased risk for future development of chronic lung disease, neonatal brain damage, and neurodevelopmental impairments. Objectives The aim of the current study was to evaluate the current and follow up neurodevelopmental status of an Egyptian sample of newly and previously discharged mechanically ventilated infants following them up for a period of 6 months for the earlier group and a year for the latter. Patients and Methods The current study was designed to be a descriptive study with retrospective (50 infants) and prospective (50 infants) domains. It was carried out on 100 neonates who were recruited from the Pediatric Neonatology Clinic, Children's Hospital and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ain Shams University using clinical evaluation, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).. Results There was statistically significant negative correlation between CARS score and Bayley Scale by using Composite Score (Cognitive, Language and Motor) on first assessment and follow up in the Prospective group while no correlation was found in the retrospective group. The study results showed that there was no statistical significant difference between two groups as regards gestational age, gender, residency, consanguinity, maternal disease, maturity, mode of delivery, respiratory distress, duration of stay in NICU, duration on mechanical ventilation, weight on admission, audiometry and fundus examination (P > 0.05). Conclusion Using a mechanical ventilator in the neonatal period for a prolonged duration increased the risk for ASD and neurodevelopmental delay. Future studies on large samples are recommended from multicenters to confirm the validity of such findings, Bayley scale is a predicative for neurodevelopmental delay in neonates with long duration stay at NICU especially preterms with low birth weight.

Association between Atopic Dermatitis and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Dermatology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 234 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarqa Ali ◽  
Charlotte Suppli Ulrik ◽  
Tove Agner ◽  
Simon Francis Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Cochrane Library

Atopic dermatitis (AD) may be associated with the metabolic syndrome and by that carry an increased risk of cardio­vascular disease. Our objective was to provide an update on current knowledge of the association between AD and metabolic syndrome, including each component of the metabolic syndrome. A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies investigating the association between metabolic syndrome and AD from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 14 studies, investigating the association between AD and the metabolic syndrome or AD and components of metabolic syndrome fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included. It seems unlikely that the association between AD and metabolic syndrome is causal. However, women with AD tended to have components of metabolic syndrome more often than women without AD. There was a positive association between AD and central obesity measured as waist circumference, and this association was stronger for women than men. Despite conflicting results regarding hypertension, the association between hypertension and AD also appeared stronger for women. On the other hand, the association between AD and hyperglycemia appears unlikely, and the association between AD and cholesterol levels was inconsistent. In conclusion, it remains unclear whether AD is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and its components. However, data indicate that central obesity is associated with AD and that the association is stronger for women than men.

scholarly journals COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome versus classical acute respiratory distress syndrome (a narrative review)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Krynytska ◽  
Mariya Marushchak ◽  
Inna Birchenko ◽  
Alina Dovgalyuk ◽  
Oleksandr Tokarskyy
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Lung Protective Ventilation ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Increased Risk

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavi- rus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), led to the ongoing global public health crisis. Existing clinical data suggest that COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have worse outcomes and increased risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The rapid increase in the numbers of patients requiring ICU care may imply a sudden and major challenge for affected health care systems. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize current knowledge of pathophysiology, clinical and morphological characteristics of COVID-19-associated ARDS and ARDS caused by other factors (classical ARDS) as defined by Berlin criteria, and therefore to elucidate the differences, which can affect clinical management of COVID-19-as- sociated ARDS. Fully understanding the characteristics of COVID-19-associated ARDS will help identify its early progres- sion and tailor the treatment, leading to improved prognosis in severe cases and reduced mortality. The notable mechanisms of COVID-19-associated ARDS include severe pulmonary infiltration/edema and inflammation, leading to impaired alveolar homeostasis, alteration of pulmonary physiology resulting in pulmonary fibrosis, endothelial inflammation and vascular thrombosis. Despite some distinct differences between COVID-19-associated ARDS and classical ARDS as defined by Ber- lin criteria, general treatment principles, such as lung-protective ventilation and rehabilitation concepts should be applied whenever possible. At the same time, ventilatory settings for COVID-19-associated ARDS require to be adapted in individ- ual cases, depending on respiratory mechanics, recruitability and presentation timing.  

Het kwantitatief integreren van empirische studies: de methode van meta-analyse

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marise Ph. Born ◽  
Stefan T. Mol
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Many ◽  
Quantitative Integration ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Research Domain

Quantitatively integrating empirical studies: The method of meta-analysis Quantitatively integrating empirical studies: The method of meta-analysis Marise Ph. Born & Stefan T. Mol, Gedrag & Organisatie, Volume 19, September 2006, nr. 3, pp. 251-271 Meta-analysis is a quantitative integration of results of a series of empirical studies into a specific research question. The method of meta-analysis has obtained a dominant position in the social sciences and beyond, as it may help in obtaining an overview of the explosively increased number of research publications. This contribution discusses the basics and consecutive steps in performing a meta-analysis. A meta-analysis that we conducted on expatriates serves as an illustration. Next to the many points in favor of meta-analyses, such as having a better overview of a research domain and shifting the traditional focus on significances of effects to sizes of effects, several important controversies remain. One of these is the issue of waving away a specific cause of variance in research findings as a methodological artifact, or interpreting it as a meaningful case of variance. We maintain that every social or industrial- and organizational psychologist who wants to stay up-to-date scientifically should be able to interpret meta-analyses.

scholarly journals Trick or Treating in Forensics—The Challenge of the Saliva Microbiome: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1501
Author(s):  
Gabriella D’Angiolella ◽  
Pamela Tozzo ◽  
Sarah Gino ◽  
Luciana Caenazzo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Current State ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Meta Analyses

The oral microbiome harbours microbial community signatures that differ among individuals, highlighting that it could be highly individualizing and potentially unique to each individual. Therefore, the oral microbial traces collected in crime scenes could produce investigative leads. This narrative review will describe the current state-of-the-art of how the salivary microbiome could be exploited as a genetic signature to make inferences in the forensic field. This review has been performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines. Even if further studies are needed to relate the variation in the oral microbiome to specific factors, in order to understand how the salivary microbiome is influenced by an individual’s lifestyle, by reviewing the studies published so far, it is clear that the oral microbial analysis could become a useful forensic tool. Even if promising, caution is required in interpreting the results and an effort to direct research towards studies that fill the current knowledge gaps is certainly useful.

scholarly journals OUTCOMES IN EXTREMELY PREMATURE INFANTS WITH TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME TREATED BY LASER THERAPY

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e20-e21
Author(s):  
Julie Sommer ◽  
Gabriel Altit ◽  
Anne-Monique Nuyt ◽  
François Audibert ◽  
Véronique Dorval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Therapy ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Similar Survival

Abstract BACKGROUND Twin pregnancies and fetal therapies are associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. Limited literature exists on outcomes for extremely preterm infants born in the context of a pregnancy complicated with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). OBJECTIVES To compare mortality of preterm newborns who received laser therapy for TTTS to preterm controls born in the context of a dichorionic-diamniotic (di-di) pregnancy. Secondary outcomes are: short-term neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental measures at 18 months of corrected gestational age (cGA). DESIGN/METHODS Case-control retrospective study of all twins infant born <29 weeks of gestation between 2006 and 2015 at Sainte-Justine Hospital. Preterm with TTTS and fetal laser therapy were compared to preterm di-di twins. Survival analysis was done using Cox proportional regression model. RESULTS Thirty-three preterms with TTTS (TTTS-laser group) were compared to 101 preterms without TTTS (non-TTTS group). Demographic data and comparisons for short-term morbidities are presented in Table 1. TTTS status was not associated with increased mortality when adjusting for birth weight and antenatal steroids (Table 2). No differences were found for Bayley-3rd edition score, cerebral palsy, vision impairment, hearing impairment and growth parameters at 18-month cGA. CONCLUSION Extremely premature newborns exposed to fetal laser therapy due to TTTS had similar survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to contemporaneous extremely preterm di-di twins.

Early surgery and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born extremely preterm

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. F227-F232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W Hunt ◽  
Leah M Hickey ◽  
Alice C Burnett ◽  
Peter J Anderson ◽  
Jeanie Ling Yoong Cheong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Initial Hospital ◽  
Surgical Group ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesTo (1) compare the neurodevelopmental outcomes at 8 years of age of children born extremely preterm (EP) who underwent surgical procedures during the course of their initial hospital admission with those who did not and (2) compare the outcomes across eras, from 1991 to 2005.DesignProspective observational cohort studies conducted over three different eras (1991-1992, 1997 and 2005). Surviving EP children, who required surgical intervention during the primary hospitalisation, were assessed for general intelligence (IQ) and neurosensory status at 8 years of age. Major neurosensory disability comprised any of moderate/severe cerebral palsy, IQ less than -2 SD relative to term controls, blindness or deafness.ResultsOverall, 29% (161/546) of survivors had surgery during the newborn period, with similar rates in each era. Follow-up rates at 8 years were high (91%; 499/546), and 17% (86/499) of survivors assessed had a major neurosensory disability. Rates of major neurosensory disability were substantially higher in the surgical group (33%; 52/158) compared with those who did not have surgery (10%; 34/341) (OR 4.28, 95% CI 2.61 to 7.03). Rates of disability in the surgical group did not improve over time. After adjustment for relevant confounders, no specific surgical procedure was associated with increased risk of disability.Implications and relevanceMajor neurosensory disability at 8 years was higher in children born EP who underwent surgery during their initial hospital admission compared with those who did not. The rates of major neurosensory disability in the surgical cohort are not improving over time.

THE EFFECT OF NEUROLOGICAL MUSIC THERAPY ON ORAL INTAKE IN PRETERM CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Barbora Červenková
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapy Technique ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Neurobehavioral Outcomes ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Slow Tempo

Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of neurological, cognitive, motor or sensory impairment  and  behavioral problems. Music therapy appears to promote neurobehavioral outcomes and can improve  brain structure functions.The aim of the study presented in the article is to analyse a potential of  a special music therapy technique to shorten time to achieve full oral intake in children born extremely preterm, to (28 weeks) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We used the mother's singing during breastfeeding, with the slow  tempo (60 beats per minute) and a recurring pattern of stressed (strong) and unstressed  (weak) syllables (each second was highlighted) to help preterm babies to organize coordination of sucking swallowing and breathing.  This therapeutic approach is based on the theory and methods  of neurological music therapy called Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE). A total of 40 children were included in this Oxford pretest - posttest  study design. The experimental group used the PSE intervention technique (n = 20) was compared with the control group of children (n = 20) without the specific therapy.  

scholarly journals The hallmarks of childhood abuse and neglect: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243639
Author(s):  
Jason Lang ◽  
Daniel M. Kerr ◽  
Papoula Petri-Romão ◽  
Tracey McKee ◽  
Helen Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background Studies on the impacts of child maltreatment (CM) have been conducted in diverse areas. Mechanistic understanding of the complex interplay between factors is lacking. Hallmarking is an approach which identifies common factors across studies and highlights the most robust findings. Objectives In a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, we addressed the following questions: 1) What are the hallmarks associated with exposure to CM across the bio-ecological spectrum? 2) What is the strength of evidence to support each hallmark? 3) What are the gaps that future research should address? Methods A comprehensive literature search was carried out to find relevant systematic reviews or meta-analyses. 269 articles were read in full and 178 articles, encompassing more than 6000 original papers, were included in the final synthesis. All reviews were independently rated for quality by at least 2 reviewers using AMSTAR-2. Results Of 178 review articles, 6 were rated as high quality (all meta-analyses) and 46 were rated as medium quality. Most were from high income countries. Conclusions Based on the most commonly reported high-quality research findings we propose that the hallmarks of exposure to child maltreatment are: Increased risk of psychopathology; Increased risk of obesity; Increased risk of high- risk sexual behaviours, Increased risk of smoking; and Increased risk of child maltreatment in children with disabilities. Research gaps include a lack of focus on complexity and resilience. Little can be concluded about directions of causality or mechanisms. Adequately powered prospective studies are required to move the field forward.

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