scholarly journals Anti-Obesity Effect of Carotenoids: Direct Impact on Adipose Tissue and Adipose Tissue-Driven Indirect Effects

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Mounien ◽  
Franck Tourniaire ◽  
Jean-Francois Landrier
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

This review summarizes current knowledge on the biological relevance of carotenoids and some of their metabolites in obesity management. The relationship between carotenoids and obesity is considered in clinical studies and in preclinical studies. Adipose tissue is a key organ in obesity etiology and the main storage site for carotenoids. We thus first describe carotenoid metabolism in adipocyte and adipose tissue and the effects of carotenoids on biological processes in adipose tissue that may be linked to obesity management in in vitro and preclinical studies. It is also now well established that the brain is strongly involved in obesity processes. A section is accordingly devoted to the potential effect of carotenoids on obesity via their direct and/or adipose tissue-driven indirect biological effects on the brain.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical properties of 'sucupira' (Pterodon spp.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Hansen ◽  
Mitsue Haraguchi ◽  
Antonio Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Popular Medicine ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
The Relationship

The plant of the genus Pterodon (Fabaceae, Leguminosae), commonly known as 'sucupira' or 'faveira', are disseminated throughout the central region of Brazil and has frequently been used in popular medicine for its anti-rheumatic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In recent years, interest in these plants has increased considerably. The biological effects of different phytoextracts and pure metabolites have been investigated in several experimental models in vivo and in vitro. The literature describes flavonoids, triterpene and steroids, while one paper presented studies with proteins isolated from the genus. This review provides an overview of phytochemical and pharmacological research in Pterodon, showing the main chemical compounds studied to date, and focusing on the relationship between these molecules and their biological activity. Furthermore, this study paves the way for more in-depth investigation, isolation and characterization of the molecules of this plant genus.

scholarly journals Adipocytes as an Important Source of Serum S100B and Possible Roles of This Protein in Adipose Tissue

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Gonçalves ◽  
Marina Concli Leite ◽  
Maria Cristina Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum S100b ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Astroglial Activation

Adipocytes contain high levels of S100B and in vitro assays indicate a modulated secretion of this protein by hormones that regulate lipolysis, such as glucagon, adrenaline, and insulin. A connection between lipolysis and S100B release has been proposed but definitive evidence is lacking. Although the biological significance of extracellular S100B from adipose tissue is still unclear, it is likely that this tissue might be an important source of serum S100B in situations related, or not, to brain damage. Current knowledge does not preclude the use of this protein in serum as a marker of brain injury or astroglial activation, but caution is recommended when discussing the significance of changes in serum levels where S100B may function as an adipokine, a neurotrophic cytokine, or an alarmin.

scholarly journals A Study of QSAR based on Polynomial Modeling in Matlab

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Sapundzhi ◽  
Tatyana Dzimbova
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Polynomial Modeling ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is an attractive target for <em>in silico</em> docking experiments. Many potent analgesics currently in use act through the MOR. The main objective of the present work was to find the polynomial function for modelling of the structure-activity relationship of a series of MOR analogues and the results of the molecular docking with MOR (PDBid:4dkl). The relationship of the biological activity of the ligands with the ChemScore function and with the total energy (MolDock function) was modelled with first- to third-degree polynomials and surface fitted method, assessed by least squares method. The finding, established in the paper, suggests that the third order polynomial could be successfully used for modelling of the relationship between the biological effect of the MOR analogues and results from docking procedure. Analysis and comparison of the data from in vitro tests and docking studies could help to understand better the relationship between in vitro biological effects and docking studies and to answer whether the models of the biological macromolecules (in our case MOR) correspond to the real 3D structure.

Lessons learned from magnetic stimulation of physical models and peripheral nerve in vitro

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Maccabee ◽  
Vahe E. Amassian
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Root Stimulation ◽  
Insight Into

This article provides a conceptual framework, which contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain stimulation. The relationship between the induced topographic electric field and specific sites and regions of nerve activation in the brain are still not precisely known. Nevertheless, there is much more specific information available concerning peripheral nerve and nerve root stimulation. In vitro studies provide insight into the different properties of monophasic versus polyphasic pulses. Studies of brain stimulation agree with the in vitro conclusion that the polyphasic pulse is more powerful than the monophasic pulse. The shape of the induced pulse may be a relevant clinical response factor in repetitive TMS.

scholarly journals α-synuclein pathogenesis in hiPSC models of Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo R Quinlan ◽  
Jara Maria Baena-Montes ◽  
Sahar Avazzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
The Brain

α-synuclein is an increasingly prominent player in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects mainly the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Typical of PD pathology is the finding of protein aggregations termed ‘Lewy bodies’ in the brain regions affected. α-synuclein is implicated in many disease states including dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. However, PD is the most common synucleinopathy and continues to be a significant focus of PD research in terms of the α-synuclein Lewy body pathology. Mutations in several genes are associated with PD development including SNCA, which encodes α-synuclein. A variety of model systems have been employed to study α-synuclein physiology and pathophysiology in an attempt to relate more closely to PD pathology. These models include cellular and animal system exploring transgenic technologies, viral vector expression and knockdown approaches, and models to study the potential prion protein-like effects of α-synuclein. The current review focuses on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models with a specific focus on mutations or multiplications of the SNCA gene. iPSCs are a rapidly evolving technology with huge promise in the study of normal physiology and disease modeling in vitro. The ability to maintain a patient's genetic background and replicate similar cell phenotypes make iPSCs a powerful tool in the study of neurological diseases. This review focus on the current knowledge about α-synuclein physiological function as well as its role in PD pathogenesis based on human iPSC models.

scholarly journals The Physiological Role of Irisin in the Regulation of Muscle Glucose Homeostasis

Endocrines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-283
Author(s):  
Naohiro Yano ◽  
Yu Tina Zhao ◽  
Ting C. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Target

Irisin is a myokine that primarily targets adipose tissue, where it increases energy expenditure and contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise through the browning of white adipose tissue. As our knowledge has deepened in recent years, muscle has been found to be a major target organ for irisin as well. Several studies have attempted to characterize the role of irisin in muscle to improve glucose metabolism through mechanisms such as reducing insulin resistance. Although they are very intriguing reports, some contradictory results make it difficult to grasp the whole picture of the action of irisin on muscle. In this review, we attempted to organize the current knowledge of the role of irisin in muscle glucose metabolism. We discussed the direct effects of irisin on glucose metabolism in three types of muscle, that is, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and the myocardium. We also describe irisin’s effects on mitochondria and its interactions with other hormones. Furthermore, to consider the relationship between the irisin-induced improvement of glucose metabolism in muscle and systemic disorders of glucose metabolism, we reviewed the results from animal interventional studies and human clinical studies.

scholarly journals Vitamin D, adipose tissue, and obesity

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Marcotorchino ◽  
Franck Tourniaire ◽  
Jean-François Landrier
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

AbstractEpidemiological studies have shown a link between vitamin D deficiency and numerous pathologies such as cancers, immunity diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Recent studies in vitro and in animal models demonstrated an impact of vitamin D on adipose tissue and adipocyte biology. Such observations are of particular interest and provide mechanistic explanations on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and obesity.

scholarly journals Integrative mRNA-microRNA analyses reveal novel interactions related to insulin sensitivity in human adipose tissue

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Kirby ◽  
R. Grace Walton ◽  
Brian Finlin ◽  
Beibei Zhu ◽  
Resat Unal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Novel Interactions ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Microrna Microarray

Adipose tissue has profound effects on whole-body insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying biological processes are quite complex and likely multifactorial. For instance, the adipose transcriptome is posttranscriptionally modulated by microRNAs, but the relationship between microRNAs and insulin sensitivity in humans remains to be determined. To this end, we utilized an integrative mRNA-microRNA microarray approach to identify putative molecular interactions that regulate the transcriptome in subcutaneous adipose tissue of insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals. Using the NanoString nCounter Human v1 microRNA Expression Assay, we show that 17 microRNAs are differentially expressed in IR vs. IS. Of these, 16 microRNAs (94%) are downregulated in IR vs. IS, including miR-26b, miR-30b, and miR-145. Using Agilent Human Whole Genome arrays, we identified genes that were predicted targets of miR-26b, miR-30b, and miR-145 and were upregulated in IR subjects. This analysis produced ADAM22, MYO5A, LOX, and GM2A as predicted gene targets of these microRNAs. We then validated that miR-145 and miR-30b regulate these mRNAs in differentiated human adipose stem cells. We suggest that use of bioinformatic integration of mRNA and microRNA arrays yields verifiable mRNA-microRNA pairs that are associated with insulin resistance and can be validated in vitro.

scholarly journals Functional Emesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Stefan Lucian Popa ◽  
Giuseppe Chiarioni ◽  
Liliana David ◽  
George Ionut Golea ◽  
Dan Lucian Dumitrascu
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Idiopathic Gastroparesis ◽  
Chronic Nausea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting

Background: Emesis is an essential survival response, because consumption of food is a key element in the survival behavior and the act of feeding can expose the majority of internal organs to toxins, altered food, viruses, bacteria or fungi. The relationship between visceral or vestibular stimuli and the anatomical structures of the brain-gut axis explain the modulation of the gastrointestinal response. We aimed to review comprehensively the current knowledge on emesis occurring in the disorders of brain-gut interaction (DBGI), i.e. functional conditions presenting with emesis. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and WILEY databases were screened for relevant publications from the last 20 years regarding brain-gut disorders manifesting emesis. We included in the search also idiopathic gastroparesis, as a condition paralleling the postprandial distress syndrome. Results: We critically analyzed 2 articles about chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome, 9 articles about cyclic vomiting syndrome, 9 articles about cannabinoid hyperemesis, 10 articles about idiopathic gastroparesis and 6 articles about gastroparesis like-syndrome. Contradictory results regarding the implication of environmental factors in the development of emesis in DBGI demonstrate that the underlying pathogenesis is still not completely understood.

Lung Surfactant in an Era of Replacement Therapy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-789
Author(s):  
Robert H. Notter ◽  
Donald L. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Exogenous Surfactant ◽  
Surfactant Replacement ◽  
Surfactant Replacement Therapy

In this paper current knowledge of the palmonary surfactant system with particular emphasis on aspects that relate to exogenous surfactant replacement therapy for the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is considered. The work provides an overview, but concentrates on several facets of lung surfactant research that help to elucidate and evaluate past and present attempts toward such therapy. Subjects addressed include the functional need for specific lung surfactant components to obtain optimal surface activity and some of the required surface property measurements to characterize such activity. Also discussed is current knowledge of lung surfactant synthesis and secretion and the potential effect of exogenous surfactant on the endogenous pulmonary surfactant sytem. A primary theme throughout is that an analysis of previous clinical trials involving surfactant replacement shows the necessity for strong interactions with related basic science investigations. It is suggested that future human infant surfactant replacement trials proceed deliberately, and include maximal correlations with basic in vitro research on lung surfactant biophysics and biochemistry and with experiments in animal models.

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