scholarly journals The Physiological Role of Irisin in the Regulation of Muscle Glucose Homeostasis

Endocrines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-283
Author(s):  
Naohiro Yano ◽  
Yu Tina Zhao ◽  
Ting C. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Target

Irisin is a myokine that primarily targets adipose tissue, where it increases energy expenditure and contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise through the browning of white adipose tissue. As our knowledge has deepened in recent years, muscle has been found to be a major target organ for irisin as well. Several studies have attempted to characterize the role of irisin in muscle to improve glucose metabolism through mechanisms such as reducing insulin resistance. Although they are very intriguing reports, some contradictory results make it difficult to grasp the whole picture of the action of irisin on muscle. In this review, we attempted to organize the current knowledge of the role of irisin in muscle glucose metabolism. We discussed the direct effects of irisin on glucose metabolism in three types of muscle, that is, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and the myocardium. We also describe irisin’s effects on mitochondria and its interactions with other hormones. Furthermore, to consider the relationship between the irisin-induced improvement of glucose metabolism in muscle and systemic disorders of glucose metabolism, we reviewed the results from animal interventional studies and human clinical studies.

scholarly journals The Protective Actions of Exercise on Bone Formation, the Relationship between FNDC5/Irisin and Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Qunhua Jin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Consequent Increase

Most researchers have recognized the beneficial effects of exercise on bone formation in the organism. Irisin released from muscles is considered to be the link between muscles and other organs, and its main function is to change subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue, with a consequent increase in thermogenesis. Irisin can regulate glucose metabolism, bone metabolic homeostasis, and systemic inflammatory response

scholarly journals Irisin: A New Code Uncover the Relationship of Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Health During Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlian Ma ◽  
Haichao Ding ◽  
Yuting Deng ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Xiaoling Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Relationship

Exercise not only produces beneficial effects on muscle itself via various molecular pathways, but also mediates the interaction between muscles and other organs in an autocrine/paracrine manner through myokines, which plays a positive role in maintaining overall health. Irisin, an exercise-derived myokine, has been found involved in the regulation of some cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between irisin and cardiovascular health is not fully elucidated and there are some divergences on the regulation of irisin by exercise. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the origin and physiology of irisin, describe the regulation of irisin by acute and chronic exercises, and discuss the divergences of the related research results. Importantly, we discuss the role of irisin as a biomarker in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and describe its treatment and molecular mechanism in some cardiovascular diseases. It is expected that irisin will be used as a therapeutic agent to combat cardiovascular diseases or other disorders caused by inactivity in the near future.

scholarly journals Endogenous Mobilization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Pathway for Interorgan Communication?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Girousse ◽  
Maxime Mathieu ◽  
Quentin Sastourné-Arrey ◽  
Sylvie Monferran ◽  
Louis Casteilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Network ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adipose Stromal Cells ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions

To coordinate specialized organs, inter-tissue communication appeared during evolution. Consequently, individual organs communicate their states via a vast interorgan communication network (ICN) made up of peptides, proteins, and metabolites that act between organs to coordinate cellular processes under homeostasis and stress. However, the nature of the interorgan signaling could be even more complex and involve mobilization mechanisms of unconventional cells that are still poorly described. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) virtually reside in all tissues, though the biggest reservoir discovered so far is adipose tissue where they are named adipose stromal cells (ASCs). MSCs are thought to participate in tissue maintenance and repair since the administration of exogenous MSCs is well known to exert beneficial effects under several pathological conditions. However, the role of endogenous MSCs is barely understood. Though largely debated, the presence of circulating endogenous MSCs has been reported in multiple pathophysiological conditions, but the significance of such cell circulation is not known and therapeutically untapped. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the circulation of native MSCs, and we highlight recent findings describing MSCs as putative key components of the ICN.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue Immunomodulation and Treg/Th17 Imbalance in the Impaired Glucose Metabolism of Children with Obesity

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Stefania Croce ◽  
Maria Antonietta Avanzini ◽  
Corrado Regalbuto ◽  
Erika Cordaro ◽  
Federica Vinci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Monitoring ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Impaired Glucose Metabolism ◽  
T Cell Infiltration

In the last few decades, obesity has increased dramatically in pediatric patients. Obesity is a chronic disease correlated with systemic inflammation, characterized by the presence of CD4 and CD8 T cell infiltration and modified immune response, which contributes to the development of obesity related diseases and metabolic disorders, including impaired glucose metabolism. In particular, Treg and Th17 cells are dynamically balanced under healthy conditions, but imbalance occurs in inflammatory and pathological states, such as obesity. Some studies demonstrated that peripheral Treg and Th17 cells exhibit increased imbalance with worsening of glucose metabolic dysfunction, already in children with obesity. In this review, we considered the role of adipose tissue immunomodulation and the potential role played by Treg/T17 imbalance on the impaired glucose metabolism in pediatric obesity. In the patient care, immune monitoring could play an important role to define preventive strategies of pediatric metabolic disease treatments.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Chae Bin Lee ◽  
Soon Uk Chae ◽  
Seong Jun Jo ◽  
Ui Min Jerng ◽  
Soo Kyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
The Relationship

Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.

Impact of perceived organizational support and green transformational leadership on sustainable organizational performance: a SEM approach

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manita Kusi ◽  
Fuqiang Zhao ◽  
Dinesh Sukamani
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Perceived Organizational Support ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Staff Level

PurposeThe study aims to scrutinize the concomitant associations between corporate social responsibility (CSR), perceived organizational support (POS), green transformational leadership (GTL) and organizational performance (OP). This paper aims to explore the role of intervening variable to measure the strength on the relationship between CSR and OP.Design/methodology/approachThis research administered a survey through self-administered questionnaire among the staff-level employees of construction companies of Nepal. Fully filled 305 responses from the participants were analyzed using a structural equation model. The study used self-structured questionnaire as research tool and face-to-face meetings as data collection technique.FindingsThe research indicates that POS showed competitive partial mediation relation between CSR and OP. Besides, a novel exploration of the moderation effect of GTL displays a supportive role in harmonizing the CSR with organizational support to achieve better OP. This study enriches empirical evidence to understand the linkage between CSR and POS in staff-level employees in the construction area. Moreover, the research shed a light on GTL 's moderating influence on the mediated model of CSR, POS and OP.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the results of the study add to the current knowledge base, several limitations highlight avenues for future research. Future studies can explore the relationship in other study areas with added evidence on a similar result with different analysis patterns and study sample. The research model studied in the context of Nepal creating evidence as a representation for the developing countries.Originality/valueThe intervening role of POS and GTL gives new insight for the research-based organization based social behavior and performance

scholarly journals Role of Mitochondrial Cytochrome P450 2E1 in Healthy and Diseased Liver

Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Julie Massart ◽  
Karima Begriche ◽  
Jessica H. Hartman ◽  
Bernard Fromenty
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Cytochrome P450 2E1

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is pivotal in hepatotoxicity induced by alcohol abuse and different xenobiotics. In this setting, CYP2E1 generates reactive metabolites inducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In addition, this enzyme appears to play a role in the progression of obesity-related fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Indeed, increased CYP2E1 activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is deemed to induce reactive oxygen species overproduction, which in turn triggers oxidative stress, necroinflammation and fibrosis. In 1997, Avadhani’s group reported for the first time the presence of CYP2E1 in rat liver mitochondria, and subsequent investigations by other groups confirmed that mitochondrial CYP2E1 (mtCYP2E1) could be found in different experimental models. In this review, we first recall the main features of CYP2E1 including its role in the biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous molecules, the regulation of its expression and activity and its involvement in different liver diseases. Then, we present the current knowledge on the physiological role of mtCYP2E1, its contribution to xenobiotic biotransformation as well as the mechanism and regulation of CYP2E1 targeting to mitochondria. Finally, we discuss experimental investigations suggesting that mtCYP2E1 could have a role in alcohol-associated liver disease, xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity and NAFLD.

scholarly journals Gormony zhirovoy tkani i funktsional'nayaaktivnost' shchitovidnoy zhelezy

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
N A Petunina ◽  
N E Al'tshuler ◽  
N G Rakova ◽  
L V Trukhina
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tissue Hormones

The review presents a recent data from the literature on the physiologic and pathophysiologic role of adipose tissue hormones (adiponectin, resistin, leptin). The article details the role of adipocytokines in atherogenesis. It also presents the results of studies depicting the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance as well as the impact of thyroid dysfunction upon the secretion of adipocytokines.

scholarly journals Job Insecurity and Job Performance: A Serial Mediated Relationship and the Buffering Effect of Organizational Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco De Angelis ◽  
Greta Mazzetti ◽  
Dina Guglielmi
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Serial Mediation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Relationship

The study aimed to extend the current knowledge of the relationship between job insecurity and performance. In line with traditional stress theories, work-family and burnout were hypothesized as serial mediators of the negative link between job insecurity and job performance. Also, the current study hypothesized that the association between job insecurity and the mediators [i.e., Work-family conflict (WFC) and burnout] could be buffered by perceived organizational justice among employees. Therefore, we empirically tested a moderated serial mediation model. Participants were 370 employees of an Italian multiservice social cooperative. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The obtained results indicated that WFC and burnout mediated the association between job insecurity and job performance. Furthermore, perceived organizational justice buffered the relationship between job insecurity and WFC. Concerning job burnout, the association with job insecurity was moderated only among employees perceiving medium and high levels of organizational justice. The moderated serial mediation index provided support to the role of organizational justice in decreasing the association between job insecurity and job performance. This study delves deeper into the variables explaining the relationship between job insecurity and job performance by testing a serial process mechanism that involved WFC and burnout. Additionally, the obtained results provide suggestions to organizations and managers regarding the protective role of organizational justice to sustain employees’ mental health and performance. Practical implications at the organizational and managerial level are provided, along with a focus on the actual impact of the pandemic.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document