scholarly journals Differential Effects of Dry vs. Wet Heating of β-Lactoglobulin on Formation of sRAGE Binding Ligands and sIgE Epitope Recognition

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Zenker ◽  
Arifa Ewaz ◽  
Ying Deng ◽  
Huub F. J. Savelkoul ◽  
R.J. Joost van Neerven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Milk Sugar ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Dry Heating ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

The effect of glycation and aggregation of thermally processed β-lactoglobulin (BLG) on binding to sRAGE and specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) from cow milk allergic (CMA) patients were investigated. BLG was heated under dry conditions (water activity < 0.7) and wet conditions (in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4) at low temperature (<73 °C) and high temperatures (>90 °C) in the presence or absence of the milk sugar lactose. Nε-(carboxymethyl)-l-lysine (CML) western blot and glycation staining were used to directly identify glycation structures on the protein fractions on SDS-PAGE. Western blot was used to specify sRAGE and sIgE binding fractions. sRAGE binding was highest under wet-heated BLG independent of the presence of the milk sugar lactose. Under wet heating, high-molecular-weight aggregates were most potent and did not require the presence of CML to generate sRAGE binding ligands. In the dry system, sRAGE binding was observed only in the presence of lactose. sIgE binding affinity showed large individual differences and revealed four binding profiles. Dependent on the individual, sIgE binding decreased or increased by wet heating independent of the presence of lactose. Dry heating required the presence of lactose to show increased binding to aggregates in most individuals. This study highlights an important role of heating condition-dependent protein aggregation and glycation in changing the immunogenicity and antigenicity of cow’s milk BLG.

The pathogenicity of an Australian isolate of Acremonium zonatum to water hyacinth, and its relationship with the biological control agent, Neochetina eichhorniae

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Australian Isolate ◽  
Free Moisture ◽  
Neochetina Eichhorniae ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Individual

The first description of Acremonium zonatum on water hyacinth in Australia is made. Its pathogenicity was studied as part of the search for a microorganism already present in Australia which could be developed as a mychoherbicide to supplement the arthropod biological control programme in this country. Following inoculation with A. zonatum, extensive leaf infections developed, favoured by injury and free moisture, but new leaves continued to form. Feeding by the weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae, increased infection by A. zonatum in relatively dry conditions, but it is unlikely that this was due to feeding scars acting as ports of entry. A. zonatum spores were transported on the feet and in the digestive tract of the weevil. The growth of infected plants, estimated by standing crop, was reduced by 49% compared to the control. A further decrease occurred in infected plants infested by weevils, but the total reduction in growth was not equal to the sum of the individual effects of fungus and weevil. Infection did not develop in 15 other plant species inoculated with the Australian isolate of A. zonatum. Although not a virulent pathogen, A. zonatum has some favourable characteristics for consideration as a mycoherbicide and has not appeared antagonistic to N. eichhorniae in these studies. Its role probably lies in exerting a chronic stress on plants already under attack by arthropod biological control agents.

scholarly journals Predictable and Unpredictable Aspects of U.S. West Coast Rainfall and El Niño: Understanding the 2015/16 Event

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 2843-2868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Cash ◽  
Natalie J. Burls
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
West Coast ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
The North ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Individual

AbstractCalifornia experienced record-setting drought from 2012 to 2017. Based on both seasonal forecast models and historical associations, there was widespread expectation that the major El Niño event of 2015/16 would result in increased winter-season precipitation and break the drought. However, the 2015/16 winter rainy season ultimately resulted in slightly below-average precipitation and the drought continued. In this work we analyze data from both observations and seasonal forecasts made as part of the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) to better understand the general relationship between El Niño and U.S. West Coast rainfall, focusing on Southern California (SOCAL) rainfall, Pacific Northwest (PNW) rainfall, and the 2015/16 event. We find that while there is a statistically significant positive correlation between El Niño events and the SOCAL and PNW rainfall anomalies, this relationship explains at most one-third of the observed variance. Examination of hindcasts from the NMME demonstrates that the models are capable of accurately reproducing this observed correlation between tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and California rainfall when information from the individual ensemble members is retained. However, focusing on the multimodel ensemble mean, which deliberately reduces the influence of unpredicted variability, drastically overestimates the strength of this relationship. Our analysis demonstrates that much of the winter rainfall variability along the U.S. West Coast is dominated by unpredicted variations in the 200-hPa height field and that this same unpredicted variability was largely responsible for the unexpectedly dry conditions in 2015/16.

Camel Milk Composition and Nutritional Value

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaukhar S. Konuspayeva
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein ◽  
Atherogenicity Index ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

If gross composition of camel milk is roughly comparable to cow milk, fine composition shows significant differences explaining potential health benefit for regular consumers. The main particularities of camel milk are (1) better atherogenicity index thanks to its higher proportion of mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to other milks, (2) different proportion of caseins than cow milk leading to difficult clotting, (3) lack of β-lactoglobulin, often responsible for cow milk allergy, (4) slightly higher concentration in antibacterial and immunity support proteins with higher bio-activity than in other milk, (5) presence of WAP (whey acidic protein) and PGRP (peptidoglycan-recognition protein) not available in cow milk, (6) probable efficient insulin for supporting better glycemia regulation, (7) better metabolization of lactose leading to lower intolerance in consumers, (8) richness in sodium and iron compared to other milks, and (9) contrasted values of vitamins (less vitamins B, high quantity of vitamins C and D). This chapter explores camel milk composition and nutritional value.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Lactococcus lactis Strain That Secretes a Major Epitope of Bovine Beta-Lactoglobulin and Evaluation of Its Immunogenicity in Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6620-6627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Chatel ◽  
Sebastien Nouaille ◽  
Karine Adel-Patient ◽  
Yves Le Loir ◽  
Herman Boe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Lactis Strain ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

ABSTRACT Bovine β-lactoglobulin (Blg) is one of the major cow's milk allergens. Peptide 41-60 of Blg (Blg41-60) was described as a murine T-cell determinant and a murine, rat, and human immunoglobulin E (IgE) epitope. The aim of this study was the expression of Blg41-60 as a fusion protein in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis and the characterization of its immunogenicity in mice. We constructed a recombinant strain of L. lactis capable of inducible production and secretion of Blg41-60::Nuc, a fusion protein between Blg41-60 and the mature part of the staphylococcal nuclease (Nuc). The highest production yield of Blg41-60::Nuc (32.5 mg/liter) was reached 4 h after induction. At this time, up to 75% of Blg41-60::Nuc was secreted. When monoclonal antibodies specific for Blg41-60 were used, purified Blg41-60::Nuc and synthetic Blg41-60 exhibited very similar immunoreactivities. Subcutaneous coadministration of purified Blg41-60::Nuc and killed nonrecombinant L. lactis resulted in the induction of specific anti-Blg41-60 IgG2a and IgG1. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio and the lack of specific IgE suggest a Th1-type immune response, i.e., a nonallergic response. Similar administrations of the killed Blg41-60::Nuc-producing L. lactis strain did not elicit a specific immune response, whereas a transitory mucosal IgA-specific immune response was induced in mice after oral administration of the live Blg41-60::Nuc-producing L. lactis strain.

Detection of HIV Antibody and Antigen (p24) in Residual Blood on Needles and Glass

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamshid Shirazian ◽  
Barry C. Herzlich ◽  
Foroozan Mokhtarian ◽  
David Grob
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Residual Blood ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractThere is a significant rate of percutaneous injury with needles during the care of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Following puncture injury, it is recommended that the source of the contaminating blood be checked, and if human immunodeficiency virus-type 1- (HIV-1)-seropositive, zidovudine prophylaxis be considered. As the source of contaminating blood may be unknown, we studied the detectability of HIV-1 antibody and circulating antigen (p24) in the residual blood from needles and pieces of glass at various intervals following exposure to blood. The residual volume of blood remaining in needles varied from 183 ±50 μ 1 for a 20 G needle to 7.8 ± 1 μ 1 for a 27 G needle, and the residual blood on small pieces of glass varied from 23 μ 1 for a piece weighing 558 mg to 2 μ 1 for a piece weighing 21 mg. Analysis of washed samples of residual blood from all 20 G through 26 G needles and from broken pieces of glass larger than 0.41 g that had been exposed to HIV-1-seropositive blood and left at room temperature for one hour, one day and one week resulted in positive tests for HIV-1 antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. The circulating antigen was detected in residual blood of 20 G through 26 G needles, but not from contaminated pieces of glass. This technique could be applied to situations where a healthcare worker pricked him- or herself with a needle or with a piece of glass that had been contaminated with blood of unknown seroreactivity. If HIV-1 ELISA, immunofluorescence, Western blot and circulating antigen assays are negative, the individual can be reassured. Because only 0.4% of needlestick injuries with HIV-1-seropositive blood have resulted in seroconversion, there must be other factors, as yet unknown, that predispose to infection.

scholarly journals Variation of Detailed Protein Composition of Cow Milk Predicted from a Large Database of Mid-Infrared Spectra

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Franzoi ◽  
Giovanni Niero ◽  
Giulio Visentin ◽  
Mauro Penasa ◽  
Martino Cassandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dual Purpose Cattle ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

This study aimed to investigate factors affecting protein fractions, namely α-casein (α-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) predicted from milk infrared spectra in milk of dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. The dataset comprised 735,328 observations from 49,049 cows in 1782 herds. Results highlighted significant differences of protein fractions in milk of the studied breeds. Significant variations of protein fractions were found also through parities and lactation, with the latter thoroughly influencing protein fractions percentage. Interesting correlations (r) were estimated between β-CN, κ-CN and β-LG, expressed as percentage of crude protein, and milk urea nitrogen (r = 0.31, −0.20 and −0.26, respectively) and between α-LA and fat percentage (r = 0.41). The present study paves the way for future studies on the associations between protein fractions and milk technological properties, and for the estimation of genetic parameters of predicted protein composition.

scholarly journals Comparison of serological and clinical findings in Turkish patients with cystic echinococcosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yolasigmaz ◽  
K. Reiterová ◽  
M. Turk ◽  
E. Reyhan ◽  
A. Bozdag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
First Case ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Back Ache ◽  
The Individual

AbstractCystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is potentially dangerous for humans. The aim of this study was to examine serological and clinical findings regarding cysts localisation and individual responses in 54 patients with CE. The majority of patients in this study were females (63 %) and the average age was 46.3 years. Most of the patients lived in rural areas or kept a dog (46 %) for a long time. The most frequent symptoms were hypochondrial pain (48.9 %), epigastrial discomfort (27.7 %), vomiting (21.3 %), minor cough (12.8 %), urticaria (6.3 %), weakness (4.3 %), fever (2.1 %), side-or back-ache (4.3 %). However, 17 % of the patients showed no symptoms. In every case, the ultrasound (USG) and/or computer tomography (CT) investigations were positive. In most cases (53.2 % of the patients) a single cyst was found but 46.8 % of the patients had multiple cyst formations (from 2 to 9 cysts) located in the liver. Sporadic lung, splenetic, mesenterial, tibial and cerebral localisations were also found. The patients were individually treated with albendazol (10–15 mg/kg) five days prior and six months after the surgical treatment. Serum samples were investigated by the serological techniques: IHAT, ELISA and Western blot using hydatid fluid antigen. In the patient sera, the specific antibody levels were mostly increased after surgery. Different results were obtained only in two patients. In the first case, seroconversion was delayed. In the other case all ELISA results were negative, however, the Western blot analysis and surgery proved the presence of CE. The results suggest that the different antibody response of patients depends on the individual immune response. Multiple localization and various stages of CE cysts demonstrate the necessity of a complex approach for the confirmation of a correct diagnosis.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis Aspects and Nutrition Therapy in Relation to both IgE and IgG Cow’s Milk Protein Allergies among a Population of Saudi Arabia: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-389
Author(s):  
Mashail A Baghlaf ◽  
Noura M S Eid
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Food Allergy ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk Protein

Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) becoming a major public health issue that has attracted the attention of health professionals and researchers. This paper aimed to review the important aspects of both IgE and IgG types of cow’s milk protein allergy in terms of prevalence, clinical manifestation, risk factors, other health-related issues and nutritional therapy proposed for such allergies in the adult and pediatric population in Saudi Arabia. A search on “cow’s milk allergy” was done using PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus Engine for published papers between 1993 and 2020 to find studies yielding knowledge on that context. The prevalence of cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) among infants is now in the range of 2–3%. This type of allergy is also detected in adulthood but less frequently. CMPA is defined as an immunological reaction to specific proteins in milk. CMPA is classified based on its type as an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated form and an immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated form, each type representing different immunological pathways. The presence of Genetic aspects, family history and short duration of breastfeeding in the infant are among the risk factors contributing to this form of allergy. Its manifestations mainly present as skin presentation, followed by the gastrointestinal and respiratory presentation in most cases in addition to a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction that may occur in 12% of cases. food allergy committees have developed strict diagnosis criteria, including blood testing for food-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), a skin prick test and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) as the gold standard. A diet free of cow’s milk protein (CMP) allergen and including the appropriate alternative milk formula is the first line of prevention recommended by many organizations and food allergy experts. As for Saudi Arabia, more research and clinical trials are required to discuss the various aspects of adult and pediatric CMPA and to provide a better understanding along with good control strategies implementation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antigenicity and nutritional properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed cow milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaona Liang ◽  
Guanlin Qian ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Mei Yang ◽  
Xinyang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Color Flow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Allergenic Proteins ◽  
Rate Intensity ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

AbstractWhile enzymatic hydrolysis is an effective method for lowering the antigenicity of cow milk (CM), research regarding the antigenicity and nutritional traits of CM hydrolysate is limited. Here, we evaluated the protein content, amino acid composition, sensory traits, color, flow behavior, and antigenicity of CM following enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis increased the degree of hydrolysis, destroyed allergenic proteins, including casein, β-lactoglobulin, and ɑ-lactalbumin, and significantly increased the content of free amino acids and nutritional quality. In particular, the antigenicity of CM was significantly reduced from 44.05 to 86.55% (P < 0.5). Simultaneously, the taste, color, and flow behavior of CM were altered, the sweetness and richness intensity decreased significantly (P < 0.5), and astringency and bitterness were produced. A slightly darker and more yellow color was observed in CM hydrolysate. In addition, apparent viscosity decreased and shear stress significantly increased with increasing shear rate intensity. The results will provide a solid theoretical foundation for the development of high-quality hypoallergenic dairy products.

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