scholarly journals Nordic Diet and Inflammation—A Review of Observational and Intervention Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lankinen ◽  
Matti Uusitupa ◽  
Ursula Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nordic Diet

Low-grade inflammation (LGI) has been suggested to be involved in the development of chronic diseases. Healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), may decrease the markers of LGI. Healthy Nordic diet (HND) has many similarities with MD, but its effects on LGI are less well known. Both of these dietary patterns emphasize the abundant use of fruits and vegetables (and berries in HND), whole grain products, fish, and vegetable oil (canola oil in HND and olive oil in MD), but restrict the use of saturated fat and red and processed meat. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the results of studies, which have investigated the associations or effects of HND on the markers of LGI. Altogether, only two publications of observational studies and eight publications of intervention trials were found through the literature search. Both observational studies reported an inverse association between the adherence to HND and concentration of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). A significant decrease in the concentration of hsCRP was reported in two out of four intervention studies measuring hsCRP. Single intervention studies reported the beneficial effects on interleukin 1Ra and Cathepsin S. Current evidence suggests the beneficial effects on LGI with HND, but more carefully controlled studies are needed to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of the HND.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Flavanols on Microbiota, Immunity and Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
María Ángeles Martín ◽  
Sonia Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Positive Properties

Flavanols are natural occurring polyphenols abundant in fruits and vegetables to which have been attributed to beneficial effects on health, and also against metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. These positive properties have been associated to the modulation of different molecular pathways, and importantly, to the regulation of immunological reactions (pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, nuclear factor-κB [NF-κB], inducible enzymes), and the activity of cells of the immune system. In addition, flavanols can modulate the composition and function of gut microbiome in a prebiotic-like manner, resulting in the positive regulation of metabolic pathways and immune responses, and reduction of low-grade chronic inflammation. Moreover, the biotransformation of flavanols by gut bacteria increases their bioavailability generating a number of metabolites with potential to affect human metabolism, including during metabolic diseases. However, the exact mechanisms by which flavanols act on the microbiota and immune system to influence health and disease remain unclear, especially in humans where these connections have been scarcely explored. This review seeks to summarize recent advances on the complex interaction of flavanols with gut microbiota, immunity and inflammation focus on metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Association between body weight misperception and dietary patterns in Brazilian adolescents: Cross-sectional study using ERICA data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257603
Author(s):  
Simoni Urbano da Silva ◽  
Mariane de Almeida Alves ◽  
Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos ◽  
Vivian Siqueira Santos Gonçalves ◽  
Laura Augusta Barufaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Weight Misperception ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Sweet Foods

The association between body image and eating behaviors or weight control strategies has been demonstrated in the scientific literature, but there is a lack of evidence on the association between weight misperception and food consumption indicators in adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the association between weight misperception and dietary patterns (DPs) in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). It was a national school-based cross-sectional study conducted among students aged 12–17 years. Data were collected in the form of anthropometric measurements, responses in self-answered questionnaires, and 24-h dietary recall. The following variables were assessed: weight underestimation and overestimation (independent variables), which were defined as the presence of a disagreement between nutritional status and self-perceived weight; dietary patterns (dependent variables), defined by a posteriori method using principal component factor analysis; and individual and demographic variables (covariates). Data analysis was performed using the Poisson regression models method, stratified by sex. A total of 52,038 adolescents with normal weights were evaluated. The weight misperception prevalence was 34.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.0, 35.0). Three DPs were identified: “Traditional Brazilian,” “Processed meat sandwiches and coffee,” and “Ultra-processed and sweet foods.” In girls, weight underestimation was directly associated with the “Traditional Brazilian” (1.24; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.43) and “Ultra-processed and sweet foods” DPs (1.29; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.54), and overestimation was inversely associated with all the DPs. In boys, a direct association between underestimation and the “Ultra-processed and sweet foods” DP (1.29; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.51) was found. Overestimation was inversely associated with the “Traditional Brazilian” DP (0.79; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.99). The inverse association between overestimation and the “Traditional Brazilian” DP, and the direct association between underestimation and the “Ultra-processed and sweet foods” DP indicated that weight misperception was related to unhealthy eating habits in Brazilian adolescents.

scholarly journals Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome: the evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (9A) ◽  
pp. 1607-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Babio ◽  
Mònica Bulló ◽  
Jordi Salas-Salvadó
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractBackgroundThe Mediterranean diet has long been related to a lower cardiovascular disease risk; however, more recent evidences also indicate that it has a favourable effect on adiposity and type 2 diabetes.DesignReview of the available literature in relation to Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome.ResultsSeveral components of Mediterranean diet patterns have been inversely related with body mass index. They are considered to be modulators of insulin resistance, can exert beneficial effects on blood pressure, improve atherogenic dyslipidemia or attenuate the inflammatory burden associated with metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome has been associated with dietary patterns rich in fruits and vegetables, nuts, olive oil, legumes and fish, moderate in alcohol and low in red meat, processed meat, refined carbohydrates and whole-fat dairy products.ConclusionsThere is much evidence suggesting that the Mediterranean diet could serve as an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, which could help to fight diseases related to chronic inflammation, including metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Assessment of Dietary Patterns Represents a Potential, Yet Variable, Measure of Inflammatory Status: A Review and Update

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana C. Calle ◽  
Catherine J. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Chronic low-grade, systemic inflammation is a well-characterized risk factor in the development of chronic metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Diet could be an effective strategy for reducing inflammation associated with chronic disease. While anti-inflammatory properties of isolated dietary bioactive and functional foods have been routinely studied, the evaluation of dietary patterns on inflammation warrants further review—especially given the recent inclusion of dietary pattern recommendations into dietary guidelines and policies. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to examine current evidence linking diet to low-grade, systemic inflammation within the context of chronic disease. Specifically, we provide an update on the findings from human trials that have characterized anti-inflammatory properties of dietary patterns, defined by various methods and indexes. Given the complexity of interpreting results from dietary pattern analysis, we further present recent evidence on the anti-inflammatory roles of isolated bioactive nutrients and functional foods that are common components of distinct dietary patterns, in addition to considerations for interpreting dietary pattern research, population-specific dietary recommendations, and future studies. Overall, we observe a vast range of variability in the evidence from observational studies that have evaluated the relationships between healthy dietary patterns and inflammatory markers. These studies highlight the need for additional intervention studies with study designs that account for metabolic status, diversity in populations, breadth of inflammatory measurements, fasting vs. postprandial effects of diet, and control of confounding factors (e.g., genotype, microbiome profiles, and dietary adherence) in order to better understand the effect that diet has, as a whole, on inflammation. These strategies will help to strengthen diet recommendations aimed at reducing inflammation and chronic disease risk.

scholarly journals Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4418
Author(s):  
Monique Aucoin ◽  
Laura LaChance ◽  
Umadevi Naidoo ◽  
Daniella Remy ◽  
Tanisha Shekdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Scoping Reviews

Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental disorders. There is mounting evidence demonstrating the importance of nutrition in the development and progression of mental disorders such as depression; however, less is known about the role of nutrition in anxiety disorders. This scoping review sought to systematically map the existing literature on anxiety disorders and nutrition in order to identify associations between dietary factors and anxiety symptoms or disorder prevalence as well as identify gaps and opportunities for further research. The review followed established methodological approaches for scoping reviews. Due to the large volume of results, an online program (Abstrackr) with artificial intelligence features was used. Studies reporting an association between a dietary constituent and anxiety symptoms or disorders were counted and presented in figures. A total of 55,914 unique results were identified. After a full-text review, 1541 articles met criteria for inclusion. Analysis revealed an association between less anxiety and more fruits and vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids, “healthy” dietary patterns, caloric restriction, breakfast consumption, ketogenic diet, broad-spectrum micronutrient supplementation, zinc, magnesium and selenium, probiotics, and a range of phytochemicals. Analysis revealed an association between higher levels of anxiety and high-fat diet, inadequate tryptophan and dietary protein, high intake of sugar and refined carbohydrates, and “unhealthy” dietary patterns. Results are limited by a large percentage of animal and observational studies. Only 10% of intervention studies involved participants with anxiety disorders, limiting the applicability of the findings. High quality intervention studies involving participants with anxiety disorders are warranted.

scholarly journals The Isocaloric Substitution of Plant-Based and Animal-Based Protein in Relation to Aging-Related Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Jiali Zheng ◽  
Tianren Zhu ◽  
Guanghuan Yang ◽  
Longgang Zhao ◽  
Fangyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meat Protein ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Plant-based and animal-based protein intake have differential effects on various aging-related health outcomes, but less is known about the health effect of isocaloric substitution of plant-based and animal-based protein. This systematic review summarized current evidence of the isocaloric substitutional effect of plant-based and animal-based protein on aging-related health outcomes. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for epidemiologic observational studies published in English up to 15 March 2021. Studies that included adults ≥18 years old; use of a nutritional substitution model to define isocaloric substitution of plant protein and animal protein; health outcomes covering mortality, aging-related diseases or indices; and reported association estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were included. Nine cohort studies and 3 cross-sectional studies were identified, with a total of 1,450,178 subjects included in this review. Consistent and significant inverse association of substituting plant protein for various animal proteins on all-cause mortality was observed among 4 out of 5 studies with relative risks (RRs) from 0.54 to 0.95 and on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among all 4 studies with RRs from 0.58 to 0.91. Among specific animal proteins, the strongest inverse association on all-cause and CVD mortality was identified when substituting plant protein for red and/or processed meat protein, with the effect mainly limited to bread, cereal, and pasta protein when replacing red meat protein. Isocaloric substitution of plant-based protein for animal-based protein might prevent all-cause and CVD-specific mortality. More studies are needed on this topic, particularly for cancer incidence and other specific aging-related diseases.

scholarly journals The association between dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression and depressive symptoms over time: the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 2145-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Vermeulen ◽  
Karien Stronks ◽  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Ingeborg A. Brouwer ◽  
Aart H. Schene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Reduced Rank Regression ◽  
Rank Regression ◽  
Reduced Rank ◽  
Red And Processed Meat

AbstractThis study aimed to identify dietary patterns using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to explore their associations with depressive symptoms over 9 years in the Invecchiare in Chianti study. At baseline, 1362 participants (55·4 % women) aged 18–102 years (mean age 68 (sd 15·5) years) were included in the study. Baseline data collection started in 1998 and was repeated after 3, 6 and 9 years. Dietary intake information was obtained using a country-specific, validated FFQ with 188 food items. For baseline diet, dietary pattern scores in quartiles (Q) were derived using RRR with the nutrients EPA+DHA, folate, Mg and Zn as response variables. Continuous depression scores from the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale were used for assessing depressive symptoms. The derived dietary pattern was rich in vegetables, olive oil, grains, fruit, fish and moderate in wine and red and processed meat, and was labelled as ‘typical Tuscan dietary pattern’. After full adjustment, an inverse association was observed between this dietary pattern and depressive symptoms at baseline (Q1 v. Q4, B −2·77; 95 % CI −4·55, −0·98). When examining the relationship between the above-mentioned dietary pattern at baseline and depressive symptoms over 9 years, a similar association was found after full adjustment for confounding factors (Q1 v. Q4, B −1·78; 95 % CI −3·17, −0·38). A diet rich in vegetables, olive oil, grains, fruits, fish and moderate in wine and red and processed meat was consistently associated with lower CES-D scores over a 9-year period in the Tuscan population.

scholarly journals Maternal Dietary Patterns and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Ru Chia ◽  
Ling-Wei Chen ◽  
Jun Shi Lai ◽  
Chun Hong Wong ◽  
Nithya Neelakantan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Processed Meat

ABSTRACT Findings on the relations of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth and offspring birth size remain inconclusive. We aimed to systematically review and quantify these associations. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL up to December 2017. Three authors independently conducted a literature search, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Summary effect sizes were calculated with random effects models and studies were summarized narratively if results could not be pooled. We included 36 studies and pooled results from 25 observational studies (167,507 participants). Two common dietary patterns—“healthy” and “unhealthy”—were identified. Healthy dietary patterns—characterized by high intakes of vegetables, fruits, wholegrains, low-fat dairy, and lean protein foods—were associated with lower risk of preterm birth (OR for top compared with bottom tertile: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.91; I2 = 32%) and a weak trend towards a lower risk of small-for-gestational-age (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.01; I2 = 34%). Only statistically data-driven healthy dietary patterns, and not dietary index-based patterns, were associated with higher birth weight (mean difference: 67 g; 95% CI: 37, 96 g; I2 = 75%). Unhealthy dietary patterns—characterized by high intakes of refined grains, processed meat, and foods high in saturated fat or sugar—were associated with lower birth weight (mean difference: −40 g; 95% CI: −61, −20 g; I2 = 0%) and a trend towards a higher risk of preterm birth (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.39; I2 = 76%). Data from observational studies indicate that greater adherence to healthy dietary patterns during pregnancy is significantly related to lower risk of preterm birth. No consistent associations with birth weight and small- or large-for-gestational-age were observed.

scholarly journals Metabolomics and Microbiomes as Potential Tools to Evaluate the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Jin ◽  
Alicen Black ◽  
Stefanos N. Kales ◽  
Dhiraj Vattem ◽  
Miguel Ruiz-Canela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Improve Health ◽  
Human Metabolomics

The approach to studying diet–health relationships has progressively shifted from individual dietary components to overall dietary patterns that affect the interaction and balance of low-molecular-weight metabolites (metabolome) and host-enteric mic{Citation}robial ecology (microbiome). Even though the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been recognized as a powerful strategy to improve health, the accurate assessment of exposure to the MedDiet has been a major challenge in epidemiological and clinical studies. Interestingly, while the effects of individual dietary components on the metabolome have been described, studies investigating metabolomic profiles in response to overall dietary patterns (including the MedDiet), although limited, have been gaining attention. Similarly, the beneficial effects of the MedDiet on cardiometabolic outcomes may be mediated through gut microbial changes. Accumulating evidence linking food ingestion and enteric microbiome alterations merits the evaluation of the microbiome-mediated effects of the MedDiet on metabolic pathways implicated in disease. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the current evidence from observational and clinical trials involving the MedDiet by (1) assessing changes in the metabolome and microbiome for the measurement of diet pattern adherence and (2) assessing health outcomes related to the MedDiet through alterations to human metabolomics and/or the microbiome.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns of Five-Year-Old Children and Their Correlates: Findings from a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
R Sugianto ◽  
JY Toh ◽  
SF Wong ◽  
MT Tint ◽  
MT Colega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Asian Children ◽  
Asian Cohort ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Abstract There is limited data on the dietary patterns of 5-year-old children in Asia. The study examined childhood dietary patterns and their maternal and child correlates in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. Based on caregiver-reported one-month quantitative food frequency questionnaires of 777 children from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, cluster analysis identified two mutually exclusive clusters. Children in the “Unhealthy” cluster (43.9%) consumed more fries, processed meat, biscuits and ice cream, and less fish, fruits and vegetables compared to those in the “Healthy” cluster (56.1%). Children with mothers of lower educational attainment had twice the odds of being assigned to the “Unhealthy” cluster (adjusted OR (95% CI) = 2.19 (1.49-3.24)). Children of Malay and Indian ethnicities had higher odds of being assigned to the “Unhealthy” cluster (adjusted OR = 25.46 (15.40-42.10) and 4.03 (2.68-6.06)) respectively, relative to Chinese ethnicity. In conclusion, this study identified two dietary patterns in children, labelled as the “Unhealthy” and “Healthy” clusters. Mothers’ educational attainment and ethnicity were two correlates that were associated with the children’s assignments to the clusters. These findings can assist in informing health promotion programmes targeted at Asian children.

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