scholarly journals Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Livesey ◽  
Richard Taylor ◽  
Helen F. Livesey ◽  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
David J. A. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Good Health ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Dietary Glycemic Index ◽  
Meta Analyses

Published meta-analyses indicate significant but inconsistent incident type-2 diabetes (T2D)-dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) risk ratios or risk relations (RR). It is now over a decade ago that a published meta-analysis used a predefined standard to identify valid studies. Considering valid studies only, and using random effects dose–response meta-analysis (DRM) while withdrawing spurious results (p < 0.05), we ascertained whether these relations would support nutrition guidance, specifically for an RR > 1.20 with a lower 95% confidence limit >1.10 across typical intakes (approximately 10th to 90th percentiles of population intakes). The combined T2D–GI RR was 1.27 (1.15–1.40) (p < 0.001, n = 10 studies) per 10 units GI, while that for the T2D–GL RR was 1.26 (1.15–1.37) (p < 0.001, n = 15) per 80 g/d GL in a 2000 kcal (8400 kJ) diet. The corresponding global DRM using restricted cubic splines were 1.87 (1.56–2.25) (p < 0.001, n = 10) and 1.89 (1.66–2.16) (p < 0.001, n = 15) from 47.6 to 76.1 units GI and 73 to 257 g/d GL in a 2000 kcal diet, respectively. In conclusion, among adults initially in good health, diets higher in GI or GL were robustly associated with incident T2D. Together with mechanistic and other data, this supports that consideration should be given to these dietary risk factors in nutrition advice. Concerning the public health relevance at the global level, our evidence indicates that GI and GL are substantial food markers predicting the development of T2D worldwide, for persons of European ancestry and of East Asian ancestry.

scholarly journals Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and Their Association with C-Reactive Protein and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geertruida J. van Woudenbergh ◽  
Anneleen Kuijsten ◽  
Eric J. G. Sijbrands ◽  
Albert Hofman ◽  
Jacqueline C. M. Witteman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Reactive Protein

Objective. To investigate whether the Glycemic Index (GI) or Glycemic Load (GL) of a diet is associated with C-reactive Protein (CRP) and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study.Materials and Methods. Our analysis included 4,366 participants who did not have diabetes at baseline. During follow-up 456 diabetes cases were confirmed. Dietary GI and GL were derived from a food-frequency questionnaire and its association with CRP was examined cross-sectionally using linear regression models. The association of GI and GL with diabetes incidence was examined using Cox proportional hazard models.Results. GL, but not GI, was associated with lnCRP at baseline (bGL=0.11per 50 units;P=.01). When comparing the highest to the lowest tertile of GI with respect to diabetes incidence, a Relative Risk (RR) of 0.95 [95%CI 0.75, 1.21] was found after adjustment for lifestyle and nutritional factors. For GL the RR for diabetes incidence was 1.00 [95%CI 0.74, 1.36]. Additional adjustment for CRP did not change RRs.Conclusion. Since GI was not associated with CRP and risk of type 2 diabetes, it is unlikely that a high GI diet induces the previously shown positive association between CRP and risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing CRP concentrations.

scholarly journals Polyphenol exposure and risk of type 2 diabetes: dose-response meta-analyses and systematic review of prospective cohort studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Rienks ◽  
Janett Barbaresko ◽  
Kolade Oluwagbemigun ◽  
Matthias Schmid ◽  
Ute Nöthlings
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Extreme Quantiles ◽  
Nonlinear Associations ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT Background Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. Bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables such as polyphenols have been suggested to influence glucose metabolism. Objective The aim of the current study was to systematically review the literature and conduct dose-response meta-analyses to summarize evidence of polyphenol exposure in association with incident type 2 diabetes. Design Prospective epidemiologic studies published before January 2018 were searched through 2 databases. Log-transformed multivariable adjusted hazard and odds ratios were combined in a random-effects model. Meta-analyses comparing extreme quantiles of polyphenol exposure were further explored with the use of linear and nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses. Results Eighteen studies investigated the association between polyphenols (51 different compounds in total) and type 2 diabetes. A comparison of extreme quantiles revealed inverse associations for intakes of polyphenols (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.93), flavonoids (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.96), flavonols (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.98), flavan-3-ols (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99), catechins (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97), anthocyanidins (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.91), isoflavones (HR: 0.92; 0.86, 0.97), daidzein (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.95), genistein (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.99), and stilbenes (HR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.72), and biomarkers of daidzein (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99) and genistein (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.99). In the dose-response meta-analysis, nonlinear associations were observed for intakes of polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanones, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and biomarkers of genistein. A linear dose-response association was observed for phenolic acids. Conclusions This study adds to the evidence showing that diets rich in polyphenols, and particularly flavonoids, play a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. For most associations evidence for nonlinearity was found, suggesting a recommendable amount of intake associated with the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, future studies are warranted in which nonlinear associations are further explored.

scholarly journals Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Carbohydrates, and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

Diabetes Care ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 4166-4171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Greenwood ◽  
D. E. Threapleton ◽  
C. E. L. Evans ◽  
C. L. Cleghorn ◽  
C. Nykjaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Glycemic Load

scholarly journals Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine R Sahyoun ◽  
Amy L Anderson ◽  
Frances A Tylavsky ◽  
Jung Sun Lee ◽  
Deborah E Sellmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Dietary Glycemic Index

scholarly journals Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa N Bhupathiraju ◽  
Deirdre K Tobias ◽  
Vasanti S Malik ◽  
An Pan ◽  
Adela Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Glycemic Load

scholarly journals Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Livesey ◽  
Richard Taylor ◽  
Helen F. Livesey ◽  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
David J. A. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Prospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Dietary Glycemic Index ◽  
Meta Analyses

While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1) Strength of Association, (2) Consistency, (3) Specificity, (4) Temporality, (5) Biological Gradient, (6) Plausibility, (7) Experimental evidence, (8) Analogy, and (9) Coherence. These criteria necessitated referral to a body of literature wider than prospective cohort studies alone, especially in criteria 6 to 9. In this analysis, all nine of the Hill’s criteria were met for GI and GL indicating that we can be confident of a role for GI and GL as causal factors contributing to incident T2D. In addition, neither dietary fiber nor cereal fiber nor wholegrain were found to be reliable or effective surrogate measures of GI or GL. Finally, our cost–benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets. The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations.

scholarly journals Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Digestible Carbohydrate Intake Are Not Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Eight European Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ivonne Sluijs ◽  
Joline W. J. Beulens ◽  
Yvonne T. van der Schouw ◽  
Daphne L. van der A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Dietary Glycemic Index
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