scholarly journals Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Mata ◽  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaume Gimenez ◽  
Carles Tur ◽  
Diogo Ferreria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The One ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Strong evidence during the last few decades has highlighted the importance of nutrition for sport performance, the role of carbohydrates (CHO) being of special interest. Glycogen is currently not only considered an energy substrate but also a regulator of the signaling pathways that regulate exercise-induced adaptations. Thus, low or high CHO availabilities can result in both beneficial or negative results depending on the purpose. On the one hand, the depletion of glycogen levels is a limiting factor of performance during sessions in which high exercise intensities are required; therefore ensuring a high CHO availability before and during exercise is of major importance. A high CHO availability has also been positively related to the exercise-induced adaptations to resistance training. By contrast, a low CHO availability seems to promote endurance-exercise-induced adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced lipolysis. In the present narrative review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of how CHO availability impacts physical performance as well as to provide practical recommendations on how training and nutrition might be combined to maximize performance. Attending to the existing evidence, no universal recommendations regarding CHO intake can be given to athletes as nutrition should be periodized according to training loads and objectives.

scholarly journals Pathways from marine protected area design and management to ecological success

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray A. Rudd
Keyword(s):  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Ecological Isolation ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
The One

Using an international dataset compiled from 121 sites in 87 marine protected areas (MPAs) globally (Edgar et al., 2014), I assessed how various configurations of design and management conditions affected MPA ecological performance, measured in terms of fish species richness and biomass. The set-theoretic approach used Boolean algebra to identify pathways that combined up to five ‘NEOLI’ (No-take,Enforced,Old,Large,Isolated) conditions and that were sufficient for achieving positive, and negative, ecological outcomes. Ecological isolation was overwhelming the most important condition affecting ecological outcomes butOldandLargewere also conditions important for achieving high levels of biomass among large fishes (jacks, groupers, sharks). Solution coverage was uniformly low (<0.35) for all models of positive ecological performance suggesting the presence of numerous other conditions and pathways to ecological success that did not involve the NEOLI conditions. Solution coverage was higher (>0.50) for negative results (i.e., the absence of high biomass) among the large commercially-exploited fishes, implying asymmetries in how MPAs may rebuild populations on the one hand and, on the other, protect against further decline. The results revealed complex interactions involving MPA design, implementation, and management conditions that affect MPA ecological performance. In general terms, the presence of no-take regulations and effective enforcement were insufficient to ensure MPA effectiveness on their own. Given the central role of ecological isolation in securing ecological benefits from MPAs, site selection in the design phase appears critical for success.

scholarly journals Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Hypertrophy: A Closer Look Reveals the Jury is Still Out

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Jon Schoenfeld ◽  
Bret Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Exercise Induced

This letter is a response to the paper by Damas et al (2017) titled, “The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis,” which, in part, endeavored to review the role of exercise-induced muscle damage on muscle hypertrophy. We feel there are a number of issues in interpretation of research and extrapolation that preclude drawing the inference expressed in the paper that muscle damage neither explains nor potentiates increases in muscle hypertrophy. The intent of our letter is not to suggest that a causal role exists between hypertrophy and microinjury. Rather, we hope to provide balance to the evidence presented and offer the opinion that the jury is still very much out as to providing answers on the topic.

scholarly journals Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Orrù ◽  
Esther Imperlini ◽  
Ersilia Nigro ◽  
Andreina Alfieri ◽  
Armando Cevenini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Sporting Activity ◽  
Functional Beverages

Functional beverages represent a palatable and efficient way to hydrate and reintegrate electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other nutrients employed and/or lost during physical training and/or competitions. Bodily hydration during sporting activity is one of the best indicators of health in athletes and can be a limiting factor for sport performance. Indeed, dehydration strongly decreases athletic performance until it is a risk to health. As for other nutrients, each of them is reported to support athletes’ needs both during the physical activity and/or in the post-workout. In this study, we review the current knowledge of macronutrient-enriched functional beverages in sport taking into account the athletes’ health, sports performance, and recovery.

scholarly journals Effect of melatonin ingestion on physical performance, metabolic responses, and recovery after an intermittent training session

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Farjallah ◽  
O Hammouda ◽  
M Zouch ◽  
K Ghattassi ◽  
A Graja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Intermittent Training ◽  
Before And After

Objectives Fatigue is a limiting factor for sport performance. For this reason, optimal recovery after training is just as critical as the training program itself, if not more. Indeed, there is a need for strategies that can facilitate recovery after training, and one such strategy is the ingestion of supplements like melatonin (MEL). This study aimed to evaluate if MEL intake could improve recovery of athletes after an intermittent training session (ITS). Methods Fifteen elite female athletes (17.4 ± 0.4 years, 76.4 ± 5.6 kg, 1.76 ± 0.04 m; mean ± standard deviation) participated in two testing campaigns. During each period, they performed a battery of physical and cognitive tests before and after an ITS, as well as after ingesting MEL (6 mg tablet) or placebo in a randomized design. The ITS comprised the modified agility T-test, squat jump, counter movement jump, maximum standing ball-throw velocity test, maximum jump ball-throw velocity test, and 20-m sprint. Oral temperature (OT) and vigilance were evaluated before and after the ITS. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate [La], and glucose [Gl] were recorded after each ITS. Results Short-term performance, recovery of physical performance, and OT were not affected by MEL ingestion after the ITS. Moreover, MEL did not affect cognitive performance or RPE scores after the ITS. However, [La] and [Gl] (p < 0.05 for both) were decreased after MEL ingestion. Conclusion MEL has no effect on the recovery of physical performance but may affect glucose utilization and lactate metabolism during the team-handball training session.

Skilled Interaction: Concepts of Communication and Player Management in the Development of Sport Officials

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Cunningham ◽  
Peter Simmons ◽  
Duncan Mascarenhas ◽  
Steve Redhead
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Sport Official ◽  
And Training ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Communication and player management are integral to effective sport officiating, but most research has focused on physical performance and decision making. The few previous studies of officiating communication tended to use “transmission” conceptualizations of communication (e.g., decision communication, impression management). Eleven officiating-development managers and coaches from 7 peak Australian sport bodies were interviewed to explore conceptualizations of communication and player management, the way officials improve, and the role of the sport bodies in improvement. Four salient themes emerged in conceptualizations of effective officiating communication and player management: personal qualities of the official, 1-way-communication direction giving and impression management, situation monitoring (interpreting player and context), and skilled interaction (adapting communication appropriately for context). The findings highlight a mismatch between (a) interpretive and interactive communication skills perceived to be most important and challenging and (b) the training that is currently provided to officials. There was general commonality in practice and training issues across sport codes. The article makes theoretical contributions to the study of sport-official communication and practical recommendations for improving approaches to training skilled communication and player management.

scholarly journals One-Fifth of Children with Sickle Cell Anemia Show Exercise-Induced Hemoglobin Desaturation: Rate of Perceived Exertion and Role of Blood Rheology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Valentine Brousse ◽  
Corinne Pondarre ◽  
Cecile Arnaud ◽  
Annie Kamden ◽  
Mariane de Montalembert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Blood Rheology ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced

Perceived exertion is an important self-limiting factor influencing functional capacity in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Exercise-related hemoglobin desaturation (EHD) may occur during a six-minute walking test (6MWT) and could influence the perceived rate of exertion. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the 6MWT responses (heart rate, perceived rate of exertion, and distance covered) between SCA children with and without EHD, and (2) to test the associations between EHD and several biological/physiological parameters. Nine of 51 SCA children (18%) at steady state (mean age 11.9 ± 3.8 years) exhibited EHD at the end of the 6MWT. The rate of perceived exertion increased with exercise in the two groups, but reached higher values in the EHD group. Heart rate and performance during the 6MWT did not differ between the two groups. The magnitude of change in SpO2 during the 6MWT was independently associated with the red blood cell (RBC) deformability and RBC aggregates strength. This study demonstrates that SCA children with EHD during a 6MWT have a higher rate of perceived exertion than non-EHD children despite a similar physiological demand, and that abnormal RBC rheology determinants appear to be significant contributors.

scholarly journals Dose-Response and Mechanistic Issues in the Resistance Training and Affect Relationship

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Arent ◽  
Daniel M. Landers ◽  
Kathleen S. Matt ◽  
Jennifer L. Etnier
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Affective Change ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response Gradient ◽  
Intensity Training

The purpose of this study was to examine the dose-response gradient of exercise-induced affective change and the role of the stress response as a contributing mechanism. Male and female participants (N = 31) completed three different resistance training protocols (40%, 70%, and 100% of 10-repetition maximum [RM]) and a no-treatment control condition. Affective responses were assessed immediately before and at 0–5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes postexercise. Salivary cortisol and heart rate (HR) responses were also assessed during each condition. As predicted, moderate intensity resistance training generally produced the greatest improvements in affect (p < .05). HR and cortisol accounted for as much as 27.3% and 5.4% of the affective variance, respectively. Findings support a curvilinear dose-response relationship between intensity and affective responses, with moderate intensity training resulting in immediate, large, and enduring affective benefits. Results also suggest that moderate activation of the stress response positively influences exercise-induced affective change.

UNSTABLE ANGINA : DEFINITION

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Julian
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Unstable Angina ◽  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

A satisfactory definition of unstable angina continues to be elusive.Like stable angina, it is a clinicalsyndrome, and mustbe defined in those terms. In both cases, it is understood that myocardial ischaemiabut not infarction is responsible for the symptoms. For angina to earn the “unstable” label, theremust have been the recent development or deterioration of symptoms. Traditionally, “recent” has meant within the last month, but it has become increasingly clear thatthe time frame is of critical importance - the patient with a sudden irruption of severe chest pain in the last two days is likely to have a different pathology and prognosis from the individual who first developed exercise-induced pain two weeks ago, which has not worsened during this period. Likewise, the patient who hadhis last attack of pain one week agois very different from one who had his last attack one hour ago; indeed in the HINT study, there was a high incidence of myocardial infarction undetected on admission in the lattergroup (Br Heart J 1986;56:400-13).A problem that has hardly been addressed is “When does unstable angina stop being unstable?”. The answer must be when it either becomes stable (i.e. stops getting worse),or proceeds to myocardial infarctionor death.Most studies have shown that the vast majority of patients stablise quickly, often losing their symptoms completely. There is, however, a group of patients who fail to respond promptly to medical treatment, and it isthese patients who are most likely to go on to angiography, angioscopy, angioplasty, surgery, myocardial infarction or death. Thus, the enormously valuable information we have obtained from, for example, angiography and necropsy studies applies essentially only to this subset of unstableangina patients, albeit they are themost severe. Unfortunately, such studies tell us relatively little aboutthe more dynamic aspects of the disorder, such as the role of coronary vasomotion.It is only relatively recently that clinicians have appreciated that they have quite simple means of suspecting the mechanisms involved. Thus, the history of progressive exercise-induced angina on the one hand or angina only at rest on theother must tell us something of the underlying physiopathology. Likewise,the fact that the symptoms respond to rest, or beta-blockers, or calcium antagonists also provides evidenceas to causation.Thus, while all would agree that angina is “unstable” whenit has recently developed or worsened, it must bediscussed in subsetsdefined by their history and response to treatment.In this way, we may be able to assign a patient to a particular clinicalgroup, which will indicate that it is likely that he has a particular physiopathology, which inturn will suggest the most appropriate management.

scholarly journals The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurel B. Leuchtmann ◽  
Volkan Adak ◽  
Sedat Dilbaz ◽  
Christoph Handschin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function

Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.

You Are the One I Want to Communicate With!

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Pierucci ◽  
Olivier Klein ◽  
Andrea Carnaghi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Bias ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Communication Partner ◽  
Shared Reality Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Study Participants

This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desirable vs. undesirable communication partner. Only participants who communicated with a desirable audience tuned their messages to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. In line with predictions, they also displayed an audience-congruent memory bias in later recall.

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