scholarly journals Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Mills ◽  
Catherine Stanton ◽  
Jonathan Lane ◽  
Graeme Smith ◽  
R. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Current State ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
State Of The Science

The gut microbiota is a highly complex community which evolves and adapts to its host over a lifetime. It has been described as a virtual organ owing to the myriad of functions it performs, including the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immunity, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. These activities are dependent on the quantity and quality of the microbiota alongside its metabolic potential, which are dictated by a number of factors, including diet and host genetics. In this regard, the gut microbiome is malleable and varies significantly from host to host. These two features render the gut microbiome a candidate ‘organ’ for the possibility of precision microbiomics—the use of the gut microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to specific dietary constituents to generate precision diets and interventions for optimal health. With this in mind, this two-part review investigates the current state of the science in terms of the influence of diet and specific dietary components on the gut microbiota and subsequent consequences for health status, along with opportunities to modulate the microbiota for improved health and the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary components. In particular, in Part I, we examine the development of the microbiota from birth and its role in health. We investigate the consequences of poor-quality diet in relation to infection and inflammation and discuss diet-derived microbial metabolites which negatively impact health. We look at the role of diet in shaping the microbiome and the influence of specific dietary components, namely protein, fat and carbohydrates, on gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome Part II: Potential Opportunities and Pathways to Commercialisation

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mills ◽  
Lane ◽  
Smith ◽  
Grimaldi ◽  
Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Current State ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
The Impact

Modulation of the human gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics and dietary fibre are recognised strategies to improve health and prevent disease. Yet we are only beginning to understand the impact of these interventions on the gut microbiota and the physiological consequences for the human host, thus forging the way towards evidence-based scientific validation. However, in many studies a percentage of participants can be defined as ‘non-responders’ and scientists are beginning to unravel what differentiates these from ‘responders;’ and it is now clear that an individual’s baseline microbiota can influence an individual’s response. Thus, microbiome composition can potentially serve as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to interventions, diets and dietary components enabling greater opportunities for its use towards disease prevention and health promotion. In Part I of this two-part review, we reviewed the current state of the science in terms of the gut microbiota and the role of diet and dietary components in shaping it and subsequent consequences for human health. In Part II, we examine the efficacy of gut-microbiota modulating therapies at different life stages and their potential to aid in the management of undernutrition and overnutrition. Given the significance of an individual’s gut microbiota, we investigate the feasibility of microbiome testing and we discuss guidelines for evaluating the scientific validity of evidence for providing personalised microbiome-based dietary advice. Overall, this review highlights the potential value of the microbiome to prevent disease and maintain or promote health and in doing so, paves the pathway towards commercialisation.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease and heart failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kitai ◽  
W.H. Wilson Tang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Host Metabolism

Accumulating evidence supports a relationship between the complexity and diversity of the gut microbiota and host diseases. In addition to alterations in the gut microbial composition, the metabolic potential of gut microbiota has been identified as a contributing factor in the development of diseases. Recent technological developments of molecular and biochemical analyses enable us to detect and characterize the gut microbiota via assessment and classification of its genomes and corresponding metabolites. These advances have provided emerging data supporting the role of gut microbiota in various physiological activities including host metabolism, neurological development, energy homeostasis, and immune regulation. Although few human studies have looked into the causative associations and underlying pathophysiology of the gut microbiota and host disease, a growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence supports the theory that the gut microbiota and its metabolites have the potential to be a novel therapeutic and preventative target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight the interplay between the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the development and progression of hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.

scholarly journals Estradiol modulates gut microbiota in female ob/ob mice fed a high fat diet

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana D Acharya ◽  
Xing Gao ◽  
Elizabeth P Bless ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Marc J Tetel
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Satiety Hormone ◽  
17Β Estradiol

AbstractEstrogens protect against diet-induced obesity in women and female rodents. In support of these anorectic effects, lack of estrogens in postmenopausal women is associated with weight gain, increasing their risk for cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Estrogens act with leptin, a satiety hormone encoded by the ob gene, to regulate energy homeostasis in females. Leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob) exhibit morbid obesity and insulin resistance. In addition to estrogens and leptin, the gut microbiome (gut microbes and their metabolites), is critical in regulating energy metabolism. The present study investigates whether estrogens and leptin modulate gut microbiota in ovariectomized ob/ob (obese) or heterozygote (lean) control mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) that received either 17β-Estradiol (E2) or vehicle implants. E2 attenuated weight gain in both genotypes compared to vehicle counterparts. Moreover, both obesity (ob/ob mice) and E2 reduced gut microbial diversity. ob/ob mice exhibited lower species richness than control mice, while E2-treated mice had reduced evenness compared to vehicle mice. Regarding taxa, E2 treatment was associated with higher abundances of the family S24-7. Leptin was associated with higher abundances of Coriobacteriaceae, Clostridium and Lactobacillus. E2 and leptin had overlapping effects on relative abundances of some taxa, suggesting that interaction of these hormones is important in gut microbial homeostasis. Taken together, these findings suggest that E2 and leptin profoundly alter the gut microbiota of HFD-fed female mice. Understanding the function of E2 and leptin in regulating gut microbiota will allow the development of therapies targeting the gut microbiome for hormone-dependent metabolic disorders in women.

scholarly journals Whole exome sequencing analyses reveal gene–microbiota interactions in the context of IBD

Gut ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. gutjnl-2019-319706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixian Hu ◽  
Arnau Vich Vila ◽  
Ranko Gacesa ◽  
Valerie Collij ◽  
Christine Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Exome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Exome Sequencing ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveBoth the gut microbiome and host genetics are known to play significant roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. However, the interaction between these two factors and its implications in the aetiology of IBD remain underexplored. Here, we report on the influence of host genetics on the gut microbiome in IBD.DesignTo evaluate the impact of host genetics on the gut microbiota of patients with IBD, we combined whole exome sequencing of the host genome and whole genome shotgun sequencing of 1464 faecal samples from 525 patients with IBD and 939 population-based controls. We followed a four-step analysis: (1) exome-wide microbial quantitative trait loci (mbQTL) analyses, (2) a targeted approach focusing on IBD-associated genomic regions and protein truncating variants (PTVs, minor allele frequency (MAF) >5%), (3) gene-based burden tests on PTVs with MAF <5% and exome copy number variations (CNVs) with site frequency <1%, (4) joint analysis of both cohorts to identify the interactions between disease and host genetics.ResultsWe identified 12 mbQTLs, including variants in the IBD-associated genes IL17REL, MYRF, SEC16A and WDR78. For example, the decrease of the pathway acetyl-coenzyme A biosynthesis, which is involved in short chain fatty acids production, was associated with variants in the gene MYRF (false discovery rate <0.05). Changes in functional pathways involved in the metabolic potential were also observed in participants carrying rare PTVs or CNVs in CYP2D6, GPR151 and CD160 genes. These genes are known for their function in the immune system. Moreover, interaction analyses confirmed previously known IBD disease-specific mbQTLs in TNFSF15.ConclusionThis study highlights that both common and rare genetic variants affecting the immune system are key factors in shaping the gut microbiota in the context of IBD and pinpoints towards potential mechanisms for disease treatment.

scholarly journals In vitro approach to evaluate the fermentation pattern of inulin-rich food in obese individuals

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-479
Author(s):  
Gaétan Kalala ◽  
Bienvenu Kambashi ◽  
Bernard Taminiau ◽  
Martine Schroyen ◽  
Nadia Everaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Dietary Fibres ◽  
Fermentation Capacity ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

AbstractAlterations of the gut microbiome have been associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. The gut microbiota can be influenced by the intake of dietary fibres with prebiotic properties, such as inulin-type fructans. The present study tested the hypothesis that obese individuals subjected for 12 weeks to an inulin-enriched v. inulin-poor diet have differential faecal fermentation patterns. The fermentation of cellulose and inulin hydrolysates of six different inulin-rich and inulin-poor vegetables of both groups was analysed in vitro on faecal inocula. The results showed that the microbiota from obese patients who received a fructan-rich diet for 3 weeks produces more gas and total SCFA compared with the microbiota taken from the same individuals before the treatment. Obese individuals fed with a low-fructan diet produce less gas and less SCFA compared with the treated group. The present study highlighted profound changes in microbiota fermentation capacity obtained by prebiotic intervention in obese individuals, which favours the production of specific bioactive metabolites.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary compounds on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Maja Šikić Pogačar ◽  
Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Interindividual Variations ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Identification ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiota is a complex community composed of trillions of microbes that adapts to its host over the lifetime. Recently, the advances of the methods of high-throughput sequencing have allowed the identification of microbial species in a stool sample, and mass spectrometry identification of their metabolites, both of which together have enabled much of the relevant research in the field. It has became evident that gut microbiota plays an important role in human health and influences the risk of developing many chronic diseases, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The diverse ecosystem of the gut includes bacteria, viruses, phages, yeasts, archaea, fungi and protozoa. They are responsible for the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immune function, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. The mentioned functions are dependent on the diversity and abundance of the microbiota which is the reflection of the dietary habits and genetics of the host among other factors. As such, gut microbiota has significant interindividual variations. Diet and lifestyle changes present important determinants in microbiota shaping. The use of antibiotics, different sanitation measures, consumption of processed food and different diets are also reflected in the shifts of gut microbiota composition. Some of the dramatic dietary alterations can cause changes in gut microbiota composition already within 24 h and some of these changes may be difficult to reverse. Through modulation of gut microbiota composition, diet could offer a potential to manage the risk of developing disease and at the same time improving the quality of life and longevity. In this review we look at the role of diet, and specific dietary components, namely carbohydrates, proteins, fats and polyphenols on gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Psoriasis and Gut Microbiome—Current State of Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4529
Author(s):  
Karina Polak ◽  
Beata Bergler-Czop ◽  
Michał Szczepanek ◽  
Kamila Wojciechowska ◽  
Aleksandra Frątczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that affects around 125 million people worldwide. Several studies concerning the gut microbiota composition and its role in disease pathogenesis recently demonstrated significant alterations among psoriatic patients. Certain parameters such as Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio or Psoriasis Microbiome Index were developed in order to distinguish between psoriatic and healthy individuals. The “leaky gut syndrome” and bacterial translocation is considered by some authors as a triggering factor for the onset of the disease, as it promotes chronic systemic inflammation. The alterations were also found to resemble those in inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity and certain cardiovascular diseases. Microbiota dysbiosis, depletion in SCFAs production, increased amount of produced TMAO, dysregulation of the pathways affecting the balance between lymphocytes populations seem to be the most significant findings concerning gut physiology in psoriatic patients. The gut microbiota may serve as a potential response-to-treatment biomarker in certain cases of biological treatment. Oral probiotics administration as well as fecal microbial transplantation were most reported in bringing health benefits to psoriatic patients. However, the issue of psoriatic bacterial gut composition, its role and healing potential needs further investigation. Here we reviewed the literature on the current state of the relationship between psoriasis and gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Signature of Gut Microbiome by Conventional and Advanced Analysis Techniques: Advantages and Disadvantages

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sama Rezasoltani ◽  
Dorrieh Ahmadi Bashirzadeh ◽  
Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojarad ◽  
Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei ◽  
Mohsen Norouzinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Advanced Analysis ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

Gut microbiota is considered as a human organ with its own specific functions and complexity. Development of novel techniques such as shut gun sequencing, metagenomics, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled bypassing the traditional culturedependent bias and has significantly expanded our understanding of the composition, diversity, and roles of the gut microbiota in human health and diseases. Although amplicon sequencing characterizes the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome, it is impossible to cover the direct evidence of the microbial biological functions related to the gut microbial community. Hence, the critical next step for gut microbiome studies is shifting from gene/ genome-centric analysis to mechanism-centric techniques by integrating omics data with experimental results. Realizing gut microbial diversity and their bioactive metabolites function will provide insight into the clinical application of gut microbiota in diagnoses and treatments of several diseases. In this review, we focused on explaining the conventional and advanced microbiome analysis techniques regarding gut microbiota investigation with considering the advantages and disadvantages of the platforms.

scholarly journals A comprehensive human minimal gut metagenome extends the host’s metabolic potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Parras-Moltó ◽  
Daniel Aguirre de Cárcer
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gut Metagenome

Accumulating evidence suggests that humans could be considered as holobionts in which the gut microbiota play essential functions. Initial metagenomic studies reported a pattern of shared genes in the gut microbiome of different individuals, leading to the definition of the minimal gut metagenome as the set of microbial genes necessary for homeostasis and present in all healthy individuals. This study analyses the minimal gut metagenome of the most comprehensive dataset available, including individuals from agriculturalist and industrialist societies, also embodying highly diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds. The outcome, based on metagenomic predictions for community composition data, resulted in a minimal metagenome comprising 3412 genes, mapping to 1856 reactions and 128 metabolic pathways predicted to occur across all individuals. These results were substantiated by the analysis of two additional datasets describing the microbial community compositions of larger Western cohorts, as well as a substantial shotgun metagenomics dataset. Subsequent analyses showed the plausible metabolic complementarity provided by the minimal gut metagenome to the human genome.

Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Sunna Kang ◽  
Da Sol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

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