scholarly journals Letter to the Editor Re: Borschel M., et al. Comparison of Growth of Healthy Term Infants Fed Extensively Hydrolyzed Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Infant Formulas. Nutrients 2018, 10, 289

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Bryan Harvey ◽  
Jane Langford
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Healthy Infants

We read with interest the recently published narrative review of seven growth studies in healthy infants fed extensively hydrolyzed protein-based formulas (eHF) and amino acid-based formulas (AAF) [...]

scholarly journals Comparison of Growth of Healthy Term Infants Fed Extensively Hydrolyzed Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Borschel ◽  
Geraldine Baggs ◽  
Jeffery Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein

scholarly journals Lactose-Reduced Infant Formulas Are Over-Consumed Whereas Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas Are Not - When Compared to Medical Necessity

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 820-820
Author(s):  
Alexander Strzalkowski ◽  
Bridget Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
The United States ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Medical Necessity ◽  
Hypoallergenic Formula ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Standard Formula ◽  
Brick And Mortar

Abstract Objectives We aimed to report the macronutrient composition of powdered infant formula purchased from major US physical-location retailers from 2017 through 2019. We then compared the percentage of lactose-reduced and hypoallergenic powdered infant formula consumed with the estimated prevalence of infant conditions necessitating a lactose-reduced or hypoallergenic formula. We also compared the proportion of formula consumed that was lactose-reduced between WIC and non-WIC purchases. Methods Annual powdered infant formula volume and purchase data from all major brick-and-mortar stores in the United States (excluding Costco) from 2017 through 2019 was obtained from IRi (Information Resources Inc). Protein, carbohydrate, fat composition and scoop size for each formula was obtained from formula companies and equivalent liquid ounces (“formula consumed”) was calculated. Small can sizes of “standard” (intact and partially hydrolyzed protein) formulas served as proxies for WIC purchases. Proportions were compared to published medical prevalence by calculating a z-ratio, t-test. Results Average infant carbohydrate consumption consisted of 56.6% lactose, 37.7% glucose, and 5.7% sucrose. 21% of formula consumed contained sucrose. 55% of all formula and 47% of standard formula consumed was lactose-reduced, both higher than the estimated 7.5% prevalence of medical necessity (p < 0.0002). Lactose-reduced standard formula represented 51% of non-WIC sales which was greater than the 44% of WIC sales (p = 0.003). Protein consumption consisted of 5.0% soy protein, 74.1% intact dairy, 11.1% partially hydrolyzed dairy, 7.1% fully hydrolyzed protein, and 0.3% amino acid based. Hypoallergenic (fully hydrolyzed and amino acid-based) formula represented 7.4% of formula consumed, which did not differ from liberal estimates of cow's milk allergy prevalence (7.5%). Conclusions Estimated consumption of hypoallergenic formula in the US matches liberal estimates of medical necessity. However, a high proportion of formula-fed infants are consuming non-lactose-based carbohydrate; more than is medically warranted, necessitating further research into metabolic implications. Funding Sources None.

Intravenous Nitrogen Intake Requirements in Full-Term Newborns Undergoing Surgery

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-496
Author(s):  
Stanley H. Zlotkin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Acid Formulation ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids

To determine the intravenous intake of nitrogen needed to duplicate the weight gain and nitrogen retention observed in healthy infants fed human milk, full-term infants had weight change and nitrogen balance measured postoperatively while they were receiving two different parenteral regimens which provided adequate energy (87 kcal/kg/d) and varying intakes of nitrogen as crystalline amino acids (290 to 579 mg/kg/d) over a six-day period. Weight change was similar to that observed in breast-fed infants (35 g/d) and was independent of nitrogen intake. A significant correlation was observed between nitrogen intake and retention (r = .71, P < .01). Substituting the rate of nitrogen retention observed in thriving full-term infants fed human milk into the regression equation describing the relationship between nitrogen intake and retention, the nitrogen intake required by parenterally fed infants in order to duplicate the accretion rate of their milk-fed counterparts was 280 mg/kg/d. After correcting for individual variation, recommended intravenous amino acid intakes range from 2.3 to 2.7 g/kg/d depending on the commercial amino acid formulation chosen and providing that adequate amounts of energy are concurrently infused.

scholarly journals Growth and tolerance of healthy, term infants fed lower protein extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Adams ◽  
William H. Johnston ◽  
Harold Deulofeut ◽  
Joseph Leader ◽  
Robbie Rhodes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Significant Group

Abstract Background Optimal protein level in hypoallergenic infant formulas is an area of ongoing investigation. The aim was to evaluate growth of healthy term infants who received extensively hydrolyzed (EH) or amino acid (AA)-based formulas with reduced protein. Methods In this prospective, multi-center, double-blind, controlled, parallel group study, infants were randomized to receive a marketed EH casein infant formula at 2.8 g protein/100 kcal (Control) or one of two investigational formulas: EH casein formula at 2.4 g protein/100 kcal (EHF) or AA-based formula at 2.4 g total protein equivalents/100 kcal (AAF). Control and EHF each had 2 × 107 CFU Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG/100 kcal. Anthropometrics were measured and recall of formula intake, tolerance, and stool characteristics was collected at 14, 30, 60, 90, 120 days of age. Primary outcome was weight growth rate (g/day) between 14 and 120 days of age (analyzed by ANOVA). Medically confirmed adverse events were recorded throughout the study. Results No group differences in weight or length growth rate from 14 to 120 days were detected. With the exception of significant differences at several study time points for males, no group differences were detected in mean head circumference growth rates. However, mean achieved weight, length, and head circumference demonstrated normal growth throughout the study period. No group differences in achieved weight or length (males and females) and head circumference (females) were detected and means were within the WHO growth 25th and 75th percentiles from 14 to 120 days of age. With the exception of Day 90, there were no statistically significant group differences in achieved head circumference for males; means remained between the WHO 50th and 75th percentiles for growth at Days 14, 30, and 60 and continued along the 75th percentile through Day 120. No differences in study discontinuation due to formula were detected. The number of participants for whom at least one adverse event was reported was similar among groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated hypoallergenic infant formulas at 2.4 g protein/100 kcal were safe, well-tolerated, and associated with appropriate growth in healthy term infants from 14 to 120 days of age. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01354366. Registered 13 May 2011.

scholarly journals BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED ACETABULARIA CHLOROPLASTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shephard ◽  
Wendy B. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Labeling ◽  
Labeling Pattern

The ability of chloroplasts isolated from Acetabulana mediterranea to synthesize the protein amino acids has been investigated. When this chloroplast isolate was presented with 14CO2 for periods of 6–8 hr, tracer was found in essentially all amino acid species of their hydrolyzed protein Phenylalanine labeling was not detected, probably due to technical problems, and hydroxyproline labeling was not tested for The incorporation of 14CO2 into the amino acids is driven by light and, as indicated by the amount of radioactivity lost during ninhydrin decarboxylation on the chromatograms, the amino acids appear to be uniformly labeled. The amino acid labeling pattern of the isolate is similar to that found in plastids labeled with 14CO2 in vivo. The chloroplast isolate did not utilize detectable amounts of externally supplied amino acids in light or, with added adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in darkness. It is concluded that these chloroplasts are a tight cytoplasmic compartment that is independent in supplying the amino acids used for its own protein synthesis. These results are discussed in terms of the role of contaminants in the observed synthesis, the "normalcy" of Acetabularia chloroplasts, the synthetic pathways for amino acids in plastids, and the implications of these observations for cell compartmentation and chloroplast autonomy.

Growth and Tolerance of Healthy Term Infants Receiving Hydrolyzed Infant Formulas Supplemented WithLactobacillus rhamnosusGG: Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 734-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deolinda M. Scalabrin ◽  
William H. Johnston ◽  
Dennis R. Hoffman ◽  
Virginia L. P'Pool ◽  
Cheryl L. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Infants

CIRCADIAN PERIODICITY OF BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IN THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 782-791
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Feigin ◽  
Morey W. Haymond
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Plasma Tyrosine

Blood amino acids were obtained every 4 hours for 24 hours from 46 full-term infants who were between 1 hour and 120 hours of age when first sampled. Blood was also obtained at 0400 and 1200 hours on the same day from 10 additional infants, aged 48 to 72 hours at the time of study, for more detailed analysis of individual blood amino acids. Periodicity of total blood amino acids was demonstrated as early as the first day of life in some infants. This blood amino acid rhythmicity was similar but not identical to that previously observed in adults and older children. Concentrations of blood amino acids were minimal at 0400 hours and peaked between 1200 and 2000 hours. Periodicity of individual blood amino acids was similar to that for total blood amino acids but much less consistent. The presence of periodicity for plasma tyrosine was demonstrable even in two patients with neonatal tyrosinemia. Since plasma amino acids vary normally as a function of time, "normal values" must be standardized for time of day.

Renal Injury in Sick Newborn Infants: A Prospective Evaluation Using Urinary β2-Microglobulin Concentrations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-440
Author(s):  
Eric D. Tack ◽  
Jeffrey M. Perlman ◽  
Alan M. Robson ◽  
Cathy Hausel ◽  
Charles C. T. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Tubular Injury ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Β2 Microglobulin ◽  
Sick Newborn ◽  
Healthy Infants

Urinary concentrations of β2-microglobulin and creatinine were measured serially in 140 sick infants, of whom 109 were asphyxiated, and in 35 healthy preterm and term infants. First voided urines and samples from days 3 and 7 postpartum were studied. Urinary β2-microglobulin concentrations in healthy infants averaged 1.34 ± 1.34 mg/L (mean ± SD) in first voided specimens and 1.32 ± 0.98 mg/L in day 3 samples; the calculated upper limit of normal (95% confidence limit) was 4.00 mg/L. Elevated values (those exceeding the 95% confidence limit) occurred most often in the sick asphyxiated patients (56%); the first voided sample value in these patients was 10.0 ± 10.4 mg/L. The equivalent value in the sick nonasphyxiated infants was 8.32 ± 7.27 mg/L. Values were significantly and persistently elevated in the sick infants on days 3 and 7. Factoring β2-microglobulin levels by urinary creatinine concentration did not affect the significance of the findings. The increased urinary β2-microglobulin levels were not (1) related to gestational age; low β2-microglobulin values occurred at all gestational ages for both healthy and sick infants; (2) a consequence of urine flow rate; urinary β2-microglobulin did not correlate with urinary creatinine concentration or with urine to plasma creatinine ratio; and (3) a consequence of increased production of β2-microglobulin; urinary and serum β2-microglobulin values did not correlate (r = .03). Thus, we propose that the elevated levels of urinary β2-microglobulin in the sick infants were the consequence of tubular injury. This was associated with hematuria but not with a high incidence of azotemia or oliguria. In the most premature infants (<32 weeks), elevated urinary β2-microglobulin concentrations were associated with significantly increased urinary concentrations of sodium and potassium. These data suggest a higher prevalence of acute tubular injury in sick newborn infants than has been reported in previous studies in which more traditional indices of renal injury were used.

scholarly journals Safety and Tolerance Evaluation of Milk Fat Globule Membrane-Enriched Infant Formulas: A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Non-Inferiority Trial in Healthy Term Infants

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CMPed.S16962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Billeaud ◽  
Giuseppe Puccio ◽  
Elie Saliba ◽  
Bernard Guillois ◽  
Carole Vaysse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Fat Globule Membrane ◽  
Standard Formula ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule

Objective This multicenter non-inferiority study evaluated the safety of infant formulas enriched with bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fractions. Methods Healthy, full-term infants ( n = 119) age ≤14 days were randomized to standard infant formula (control), standard formula enriched with a lipid-rich MFGM fraction (MFGM-L), or standard formula enriched with a protein-rich MFGM fraction (MFGM-P). Primary outcome was mean weight gain per day from enrollment to age 4 months (non-inferiority margin: –3.0 g/day). Secondary (length, head circumference, tolerability, morbidity, adverse events) and exploratory (phospholipids, metabolic markers, immune markers) outcomes were also evaluated. Results Weight gain was non-inferior in the MFGM-L and MFGM-P groups compared with the control group. Among secondary and exploratory outcomes, few between-group differences were observed. Formula tolerance rates were high (>94%) in all groups. Adverse event and morbidity rates were similar across groups except for a higher rate of eczema in the MFGM-P group (13.9% vs control [3.5%], MFGM-L [1.4%]). Conclusion Both MFGM-enriched formulas met the primary safety endpoint of non-inferiority in weight gain and were generally well tolerated, although a higher rate of eczema was observed in the MFGM-P group.

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