scholarly journals Comparison of Growth of Healthy Term Infants Fed Extensively Hydrolyzed Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Borschel ◽  
Geraldine Baggs ◽  
Jeffery Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein

scholarly journals Letter to the Editor Re: Borschel M., et al. Comparison of Growth of Healthy Term Infants Fed Extensively Hydrolyzed Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Infant Formulas. Nutrients 2018, 10, 289

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Bryan Harvey ◽  
Jane Langford
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Healthy Infants

We read with interest the recently published narrative review of seven growth studies in healthy infants fed extensively hydrolyzed protein-based formulas (eHF) and amino acid-based formulas (AAF) [...]

scholarly journals Lactose-Reduced Infant Formulas Are Over-Consumed Whereas Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas Are Not - When Compared to Medical Necessity

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 820-820
Author(s):  
Alexander Strzalkowski ◽  
Bridget Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
The United States ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Medical Necessity ◽  
Hypoallergenic Formula ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Standard Formula ◽  
Brick And Mortar

Abstract Objectives We aimed to report the macronutrient composition of powdered infant formula purchased from major US physical-location retailers from 2017 through 2019. We then compared the percentage of lactose-reduced and hypoallergenic powdered infant formula consumed with the estimated prevalence of infant conditions necessitating a lactose-reduced or hypoallergenic formula. We also compared the proportion of formula consumed that was lactose-reduced between WIC and non-WIC purchases. Methods Annual powdered infant formula volume and purchase data from all major brick-and-mortar stores in the United States (excluding Costco) from 2017 through 2019 was obtained from IRi (Information Resources Inc). Protein, carbohydrate, fat composition and scoop size for each formula was obtained from formula companies and equivalent liquid ounces (“formula consumed”) was calculated. Small can sizes of “standard” (intact and partially hydrolyzed protein) formulas served as proxies for WIC purchases. Proportions were compared to published medical prevalence by calculating a z-ratio, t-test. Results Average infant carbohydrate consumption consisted of 56.6% lactose, 37.7% glucose, and 5.7% sucrose. 21% of formula consumed contained sucrose. 55% of all formula and 47% of standard formula consumed was lactose-reduced, both higher than the estimated 7.5% prevalence of medical necessity (p < 0.0002). Lactose-reduced standard formula represented 51% of non-WIC sales which was greater than the 44% of WIC sales (p = 0.003). Protein consumption consisted of 5.0% soy protein, 74.1% intact dairy, 11.1% partially hydrolyzed dairy, 7.1% fully hydrolyzed protein, and 0.3% amino acid based. Hypoallergenic (fully hydrolyzed and amino acid-based) formula represented 7.4% of formula consumed, which did not differ from liberal estimates of cow's milk allergy prevalence (7.5%). Conclusions Estimated consumption of hypoallergenic formula in the US matches liberal estimates of medical necessity. However, a high proportion of formula-fed infants are consuming non-lactose-based carbohydrate; more than is medically warranted, necessitating further research into metabolic implications. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals Growth and tolerance of healthy, term infants fed lower protein extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Adams ◽  
William H. Johnston ◽  
Harold Deulofeut ◽  
Joseph Leader ◽  
Robbie Rhodes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Significant Group

Abstract Background Optimal protein level in hypoallergenic infant formulas is an area of ongoing investigation. The aim was to evaluate growth of healthy term infants who received extensively hydrolyzed (EH) or amino acid (AA)-based formulas with reduced protein. Methods In this prospective, multi-center, double-blind, controlled, parallel group study, infants were randomized to receive a marketed EH casein infant formula at 2.8 g protein/100 kcal (Control) or one of two investigational formulas: EH casein formula at 2.4 g protein/100 kcal (EHF) or AA-based formula at 2.4 g total protein equivalents/100 kcal (AAF). Control and EHF each had 2 × 107 CFU Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG/100 kcal. Anthropometrics were measured and recall of formula intake, tolerance, and stool characteristics was collected at 14, 30, 60, 90, 120 days of age. Primary outcome was weight growth rate (g/day) between 14 and 120 days of age (analyzed by ANOVA). Medically confirmed adverse events were recorded throughout the study. Results No group differences in weight or length growth rate from 14 to 120 days were detected. With the exception of significant differences at several study time points for males, no group differences were detected in mean head circumference growth rates. However, mean achieved weight, length, and head circumference demonstrated normal growth throughout the study period. No group differences in achieved weight or length (males and females) and head circumference (females) were detected and means were within the WHO growth 25th and 75th percentiles from 14 to 120 days of age. With the exception of Day 90, there were no statistically significant group differences in achieved head circumference for males; means remained between the WHO 50th and 75th percentiles for growth at Days 14, 30, and 60 and continued along the 75th percentile through Day 120. No differences in study discontinuation due to formula were detected. The number of participants for whom at least one adverse event was reported was similar among groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated hypoallergenic infant formulas at 2.4 g protein/100 kcal were safe, well-tolerated, and associated with appropriate growth in healthy term infants from 14 to 120 days of age. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01354366. Registered 13 May 2011.

scholarly journals BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED ACETABULARIA CHLOROPLASTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shephard ◽  
Wendy B. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Labeling ◽  
Labeling Pattern

The ability of chloroplasts isolated from Acetabulana mediterranea to synthesize the protein amino acids has been investigated. When this chloroplast isolate was presented with 14CO2 for periods of 6–8 hr, tracer was found in essentially all amino acid species of their hydrolyzed protein Phenylalanine labeling was not detected, probably due to technical problems, and hydroxyproline labeling was not tested for The incorporation of 14CO2 into the amino acids is driven by light and, as indicated by the amount of radioactivity lost during ninhydrin decarboxylation on the chromatograms, the amino acids appear to be uniformly labeled. The amino acid labeling pattern of the isolate is similar to that found in plastids labeled with 14CO2 in vivo. The chloroplast isolate did not utilize detectable amounts of externally supplied amino acids in light or, with added adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in darkness. It is concluded that these chloroplasts are a tight cytoplasmic compartment that is independent in supplying the amino acids used for its own protein synthesis. These results are discussed in terms of the role of contaminants in the observed synthesis, the "normalcy" of Acetabularia chloroplasts, the synthetic pathways for amino acids in plastids, and the implications of these observations for cell compartmentation and chloroplast autonomy.

Growth and Tolerance of Healthy Term Infants Receiving Hydrolyzed Infant Formulas Supplemented WithLactobacillus rhamnosusGG: Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 734-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deolinda M. Scalabrin ◽  
William H. Johnston ◽  
Dennis R. Hoffman ◽  
Virginia L. P'Pool ◽  
Cheryl L. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Infants

CIRCADIAN PERIODICITY OF BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IN THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 782-791
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Feigin ◽  
Morey W. Haymond
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Plasma Tyrosine

Blood amino acids were obtained every 4 hours for 24 hours from 46 full-term infants who were between 1 hour and 120 hours of age when first sampled. Blood was also obtained at 0400 and 1200 hours on the same day from 10 additional infants, aged 48 to 72 hours at the time of study, for more detailed analysis of individual blood amino acids. Periodicity of total blood amino acids was demonstrated as early as the first day of life in some infants. This blood amino acid rhythmicity was similar but not identical to that previously observed in adults and older children. Concentrations of blood amino acids were minimal at 0400 hours and peaked between 1200 and 2000 hours. Periodicity of individual blood amino acids was similar to that for total blood amino acids but much less consistent. The presence of periodicity for plasma tyrosine was demonstrable even in two patients with neonatal tyrosinemia. Since plasma amino acids vary normally as a function of time, "normal values" must be standardized for time of day.

scholarly journals Safety and Tolerance Evaluation of Milk Fat Globule Membrane-Enriched Infant Formulas: A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Non-Inferiority Trial in Healthy Term Infants

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CMPed.S16962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Billeaud ◽  
Giuseppe Puccio ◽  
Elie Saliba ◽  
Bernard Guillois ◽  
Carole Vaysse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Fat Globule Membrane ◽  
Standard Formula ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule

Objective This multicenter non-inferiority study evaluated the safety of infant formulas enriched with bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fractions. Methods Healthy, full-term infants ( n = 119) age ≤14 days were randomized to standard infant formula (control), standard formula enriched with a lipid-rich MFGM fraction (MFGM-L), or standard formula enriched with a protein-rich MFGM fraction (MFGM-P). Primary outcome was mean weight gain per day from enrollment to age 4 months (non-inferiority margin: –3.0 g/day). Secondary (length, head circumference, tolerability, morbidity, adverse events) and exploratory (phospholipids, metabolic markers, immune markers) outcomes were also evaluated. Results Weight gain was non-inferior in the MFGM-L and MFGM-P groups compared with the control group. Among secondary and exploratory outcomes, few between-group differences were observed. Formula tolerance rates were high (>94%) in all groups. Adverse event and morbidity rates were similar across groups except for a higher rate of eczema in the MFGM-P group (13.9% vs control [3.5%], MFGM-L [1.4%]). Conclusion Both MFGM-enriched formulas met the primary safety endpoint of non-inferiority in weight gain and were generally well tolerated, although a higher rate of eczema was observed in the MFGM-P group.

Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Milk-Fed and Formula-Fed Term Infants

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Picone ◽  
John D. Benson ◽  
William C. MacLean ◽  
Henry S. Sauls
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Term Infants

Determination of Total Choline by Liquid Chromatography– Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Infant Formulas

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shishan Fu ◽  
Baohua Tao ◽  
Shiyun Lai ◽  
Jingshun Zhang ◽  
Ren Yiping
Keyword(s):  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Evaluation Matrix ◽  
Single Laboratory

Abstract Choline is a water-soluble nutrient important for infants' brain and neural development. In infant formulas, choline is one of the important fortified nutrients. A single-laboratory validation study conducted an LC-electrospray ionization-MS/MS to determine total choline in infant formulas. Sample preparation was adopted from AOAC Official MethodSM 999.14, and instrumental running conditions were optimized. The LOQ was 0.2 μg/100 g, which is significant for measuring total choline in infant formulas. Average recoveries for milk-, rice-, soybean-, and hydrolyzed protein-based samples ranged from 86.45 ± 6.04% to 108.98 ± 3.68%, with RSD less than 7%. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) range was 0.24–3.59% in within-day evaluation and 1.16–3.24% in day-to-day evaluation. Matrix effect was also investigated, and can be effectively eliminated by using an internal standard. Therefore, this method has high credibility, and could be used as a routine method of quality control, or for clinical studies and other research areas.

Commentary on Breast-Feeding and Infant Formulas, Including Proposed Standards for Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Alvin M. Mauer ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Arnold S. Anderson ◽  
Peter R. Dallman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Excess Lead ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Mineral Levels

This statement proposes recommendations toward increasing the practice of breast feeding. Specific recommendations made for standards of infant formulas as to calorie, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral levels apply to both milk-based and milk-substitute infant formulas. Such formulas, when used in place of breast-feeding, must supply most or all of the nutrients infants require during the first weeks or months of life. The minimum levels of nutrients per 100 kcal recommended for formulas provide good growth and development in healthy, full-term infants; distinct hazards may be encountered at levels below these. However, no significant advantage is to be gained by providing levels in excess of these minima in normal infants. Recommendations for maximum levels are made only where quantities in excess lead to toxicity; generally, levels near the minima recommended are most desirable because they are the most likely to reflect the composition of human milk, and the least likely to result in any undesirable nutrient to nutrient interaction. The recommendations also can be used as reference standards for formulas for special dietary uses of "medical" formulas. The Committee recommends that "medical" formulas be classified by FDA into a special group under the paragraph dealing with infant formulas.

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