scholarly journals The Influence of Caffeine Expectancies on Sport, Exercise, and Cognitive Performance

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Shabir ◽  
Andy Hooton ◽  
Jason Tallis ◽  
Matthew F. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Nervous Stimulation ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Advance Knowledge ◽  
Consumption Habits

Caffeine (CAF) is widely consumed across sport and exercise for its reputed ergogenic properties, including central nervous stimulation and enhanced muscular force development. However, expectancy and the related psychological permutations that are associated with oral CAF ingestion are generally not considered in most experimental designs and these could be important in understanding if/how CAF elicits an ergogenic effect. The present paper reviews 17 intervention studies across sport, exercise, and cognitive performance. All explore CAF expectancies, in conjunction with/without CAF pharmacology. Thirteen out of 17 studies indicated expectancy effects of varying magnitudes across a range of exercise tasks and cognitive skills inclusive off but not limited to; endurance capacity, weightlifting performance, simple reaction time and memory. Factors, such as motivation, belief, and habitual CAF consumption habits influenced the response. In many instances, these effects were comparable to CAF pharmacology. Given these findings and the lack of consistency in the experimental design, future research acknowledging factors, such as habitual CAF consumption habits, habituated expectations, and the importance of subjective post-hoc analysis will help to advance knowledge within this area.

scholarly journals Coping Styles: A Better Understanding of Stress and Anxiety in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Conditions Through Sport and Exercise Models

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Roncaglia
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Performance Psychology ◽  
Psychology Literature ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Different Sources

The aim of this paper is to present an understanding of the coping mechanisms and coping styles adopted by individuals on the Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) by looking to draw parallels with sports performance psychology and how different sources of stress and anxiety can lead to the adoption of different coping styles. Firstly, an overview of current understanding of what constitute a stressor and how this can affect an individual is presented from sport and exercise psychology literature. Secondly, a model of coping styles is illustrated with the aim to shed light at how different perceptions of levels of stress and anxiety are managed both on an individual and group level. Thirdly, within the context of this understanding, some examples about how to support individuals on the ASC will be illustrated. Finally, implications for future research and reflection will be presented by highlighting the importance of teaching and learning coping and tolerance skills as part of a comprehensive and holistic psycho-educational program.

Reflections on a Scholarly Career in Sport and Exercise Psychology: The Influence of Significant Others on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Thelma S. Horn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Senior Scholar ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
American Society

This paper is based on a Senior Scholar presentation delivered at the 2020 annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity. The paper begins with a summary of the research work completed by the author and coinvestigators in regard to the influences that significant others (parents, peers, and coaches) exert on the psychosocial well-being of individuals in sport and physical activity. In each of these three areas, illustrative research studies are summarized in a predominantly chronological order with a commentary at the end of each section that identifies unanswered questions and suggests future research directions. In the second section, four particular lessons learned by the author over the course of a scholarly career are identified and explained.

scholarly journals Actors, Structure, and Processes: A Review and Conceptualization of Global Work Integrating IB and HRM Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sebastian Reiche ◽  
Yih-teen Lee ◽  
David G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource ◽  
International Business ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Multinational Enterprise ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Global Work ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Advance Knowledge ◽  
Cross Fertilization

As organizations increasingly fulfill their customer needs by getting their work done globally, there is a pressing need for the scientific community to further advance knowledge on global work, especially in terms of how to better conceptualize and integrate it. A particular opportunity for such development involves the cross-fertilization between the international business (IB) and human resource management (HRM) literatures, which serve as the focal domains to study global work phenomena but have treated global work largely as separate research streams. We therefore edited a special issue to contribute to a more integrative understanding of various aspects of global work across both domains. In this opening article, we review existing research on global work in the multinational enterprise from both IB and HRM perspectives. Subsequently, we present a shared conceptualization of global work that helps integrate theoretical and empirical research in both fields. We then introduce the articles in this special issue, before developing an integrative agenda for future research on global work.

scholarly journals Cognitive Performance during a 24-Hour Cold Exposure Survival Simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Michael J. Taber ◽  
Geoffrey L. Hartley ◽  
Gregory W. McGarr ◽  
Dessi Zaharieva ◽  
Fabien A. Basset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Tolerable Level

Survivor of a ship ground in polar regions may have to wait more than five days before being rescued. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore cognitive performance during prolonged cold exposure. Core temperature (Tc) and cognitive test battery (CTB) performance data were collected from eight participants during 24 hours of cold exposure (7.5°C ambient air temperature). Participants (recruited from those who have regular occupational exposure to cold) were instructed that they could freely engage in minimal exercise that was perceived to maintaining a tolerable level of thermal comfort. Despite the active engagement, test conditions were sufficient to significantly decreaseTcafter exposure and to eliminate the typical 0.5–1.0°C circadian rise and drop in core temperature throughout a 24 h cycle. Results showed minimal changes in CTB performance regardless of exposure time. Based on the results, it is recommended that survivors who are waiting for rescue should be encouraged to engage in mild physical activity, which could have the benefit of maintaining metabolic heat production, improve motivation, and act as a distractor from cold discomfort. This recommendation should be taken into consideration during future research and when considering guidelines for mandatory survival equipment regarding cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Assessing and Documenting the Cognitive Performance of Family Medicine Residents Practicing Outpatient Medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen F. Shaughnessy ◽  
Katherine T. Chang ◽  
Jennifer Sparks ◽  
Molly Cohen-Osher ◽  
Joseph Gravel
Keyword(s):  
Family Medicine ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Knowledge Domain ◽  
Ambulatory Medicine ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Development of cognitive skills for competent medical practice is a goal of residency education. Cognitive skills must be developed for many different clinical situations. Innovation We developed the Resident Cognitive Skills Documentation (CogDoc) as a method for capturing faculty members' real-time assessment of residents' cognitive performance while they precepted them in a family medicine office. The tool captures 3 dimensions of cognitive skills: medical knowledge, understanding, and its application. This article describes CogDoc development, our experience with its use, and its reliability and feasibility. Methods After development and pilot-testing, we introduced the CogDoc at a single training site, collecting all completed forms for 14 months to determine completion rate, competence development over time, consistency among preceptors, and resident use of the data. Results Thirty-eight faculty members completed 5021 CogDoc forms, documenting 29% of all patient visits by 33 residents. Competency was documented in all entrustable professional activities. Competence was statistically different among residents of different years of training for all 3 dimensions and progressively increased within all residency classes over time. Reliability scores were high: 0.9204 for the medical knowledge domain, 0.9405 for understanding, and 0.9414 for application. Almost every resident reported accessing the individual forms or summaries documenting their performance. Conclusions The CogDoc approach allows for ongoing assessment and documentation of resident competence, and, when compiled over time, depicts a comprehensive assessment of residents' cognitive development and ability to make decisions in ambulatory medicine. This approach meets criteria for an acceptable tool for assessing cognitive skills.

Caloric restriction, resting metabolic rate and cognitive performance in Non-obese adults: A post-hoc analysis from CALERIE study

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Ruth Bartelli Grigolon ◽  
Elisa Brietzke ◽  
Alisson Paulino Trevizol ◽  
Roger S. McIntyre ◽  
Rodrigo B. Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorders: A Neurobiological Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Cornish ◽  
Asheeta A. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Clinical studies provide fundamental knowledge of substance use behaviors (substance of abuse, patterns of use, relapse rates). The combination of neuroimaging approaches reveal correlation between substance use disorder (SUD) and changes in neural structure, function, and neurotransmission. Here, we review these advances, placing special emphasis on sex specific findings from structural neuroimaging studies of those dependent on alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, psychostimulants, or opioids. Recent clinical studies in SUD analyzing sex differences reveal neurobiological changes that are differentially impacted in common reward processing regions such as the striatum, hippocampus, amygdala, insula, and corpus collosum. We reflect on the contribution of sex hormones, period of drug use and abstinence, and the potential impact of these factors on the interpretation of the reported findings. With the overall recognition that SUD impacts the brains of females and males differentially, it is of fundamental importance that future research is designed with sex as a variable of study in this field. Improved understanding of neurobiological changes in males and females in SUD will advance knowledge underlying sex-specific susceptibility and the neurobiological impact in these disorders. Together these findings will inform future treatments that are tailor designed for improved efficacy in females and males with SUD.

scholarly journals Obsessive healthy eating and orthorexic eating tendencies in sport and exercise contexts: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Strahler ◽  
Hanna Wachten ◽  
Anett Mueller-Alcazar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exercise Behaviors ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractBackgroundOrthorexia Nervosa (ON) and exercise addiction (ExAdd) are two phenomena believed to overlap. We conducted a meta-analysis exploring the link between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors.MethodsA systematic review of major databases and gray literature was carried out for studies reporting on ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. Random effects meta-analyses were undertaken calculating correlations between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. A sub-group analysis investigated gender differences.ResultsTwenty-five studies with 10,134 participants (mean age = 25.21; 56.4% female) were included. Analyses showed a small overall correlation between ON and exercise (21 studies, r = 0.12, 95% CI |0.06–0.18|) and a medium overall correlation between ON and ExAdd (7 studies, r = 0.29, 95% CI |0.13–0.45|). Gender differences were negligible.ConclusionsOrthorexic eating correlated slightly and moderately with exercise and ExAdd, respectively, expressing some unique and shared variance of these behaviors. While this does not suggest ON and addictive exercising to be independent, it does not indicate substantial comorbidity. Future research should focus on clinical relevance, underlying mechanisms, vulnerability, and risk factors.

Research … How Fun Is That? Interesting Questions Relative to the Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Etnier
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
North American Society ◽  
National Meeting ◽  
The North ◽  
American Society

In developing a senior lecture for the 2014 national meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, I had the opportunity to reflect upon a career of research and to focus on three interesting questions that my colleagues and I have attempted to address. These questions have led to several studies that all revolve around identifying ways to increase the effects of exercise on cognitive performance. In particular, the questions examine the possibility of increasing effects by focusing on particular populations (e.g., older adults, children) and by increasing our understanding of dose-response relationships between exercise parameters (e.g., intensity, duration) and cognitive outcomes. I present empirical evidence relative to each of these questions and provide directions for future research on physical activity and cognitive functioning.

scholarly journals Developmental activities and the acquisition of perceptual-cognitive expertise in international field hockey players

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 636-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Drake ◽  
Gavin Breslin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Match Play ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
Cognitive Expertise

The purpose of this study was to contrast the practice history profiles of international field hockey players and developmental activities leading to the attainment of high levels of perceptual-cognitive performance. Twenty-three international hockey players were assigned to a high performing or low performing group based on coach rankings of their perceptual and decision-making skill. Participants completed a practice history questionnaire assessing the number of hours in total practice, match play, coach-led practice, individual practice and peer-led play. Results showed that high performing players accumulated greater hours in total practice, match play, and coach-led practice compared to their low performing counterparts. Match play and coach-led practice are influential factors in the development of perceptual-cognitive performance. Diversification of sporting activities during participant’s development years did not have a negative consequence on the acquisition of hockey-specific perceptual-cognitive skills.

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