scholarly journals Aqueous Synthesis, Degradation, and Encapsulation of Copper Nanowires for Transparent Electrodes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Mock ◽  
Marco Bobinger ◽  
Christian Bogner ◽  
Paolo Lugli ◽  
Markus Becherer
Keyword(s):  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Copper Nanowires ◽  
Aqueous Synthesis

Copper nanowires (CuNWs) have increasingly become subjected to academic and industrial research, which is attributed to their good performance as a transparent electrode (TE) material that competes with the one of indium tin oxide (ITO). Recently, an environmentally friendly and aqueous synthesis of CuNWs was demonstrated, without the use of hydrazine that is known for its unfavorable properties. In this work, we extend the current knowledge for the aqueous synthesis of CuNWs by studying their up-scaling potential. This potential is an important aspect for the commercialization and further development of CuNW-based devices. Due to the scalability and homogeneity of the deposition process, spray coating was selected to produce films with a low sheet resistance of 7.6 Ω/sq. and an optical transmittance of 77%, at a wavelength of 550 nm. Further, we present a comprehensive investigation of the degradation of CuNWs when subjected to different environmental stresses such as the exposure to ambient air, elevated temperatures, high electrical currents, moisture or ultraviolet (UV) light. For the oxidation process, a model is derived to describe the dependence of the breakdown time with the temperature and the initial resistance. Finally, polymer coatings made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), as well as oxide coatings composed of electron beam evaporated silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are tested to hinder the oxidation of the CuNW films under current flow.

scholarly journals Silver Nanowire Networks: Mechano-Electric Properties and Applications

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiesang Sohn ◽  
Chulhwan Park ◽  
Jong-Min Oh ◽  
Sang Wook Kang ◽  
Mi-Jeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
Electric Properties ◽  
Silver Nanowire ◽  
Flexible Electrodes ◽  
Dynamic Motion ◽  
Flexible Devices ◽  
Slot Die

With increasing technological demand for portable electronic and photovoltaic devices, it has become critical to ensure the electrical and mechano-electric reliability of electrodes in such devices. However, the limited flexibility and high processing costs of traditional electrodes based on indium tin oxide undermine their application in flexible devices. Among various alternative materials for flexible electrodes, such as metallic/carbon nanowires or meshes, silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks are regarded as promising candidates owing to their excellent electrical, optical, and mechano-electric properties. In this context, there have been tremendous studies on the physico-chemical and mechano-electric properties of Ag NW networks. At the same time, it has been a crucial job to maximize the device performance (or their mechano-electric performance) by reconciliation of various properties. This review discusses the properties and device applications of Ag NW networks under dynamic motion by focusing on notable findings and cases in the recent literature. Initially, we introduce the fabrication (deposition process) of Ag NW network-based electrodes from solution-based coating processes (drop casting, spray coating, spin coating, etc.) to commercial processes (slot-die and roll-to-roll coating). We also discuss the electrical/optical properties of Ag NW networks, which are governed by percolation, and their electrical contacts. Second, the mechano-electric properties of Ag NW networks are reviewed by describing individual and combined properties of NW networks with dynamic motion under cyclic loading. The improved mechano-electric properties of Ag NW network-based flexible electrodes are also discussed by presenting various approaches, including post-treatment and hybridization. Third, various Ag NW-based flexible devices (electronic and optoelectronic devices) are introduced by discussing their operation principles, performance, and challenges. Finally, we offer remarks on the challenges facing the current studies and discuss the direction of research in this field, as well as forthcoming issues to be overcome to achieve integration into commercial devices.

scholarly journals Highly Transparent Conducting Electrodes Based on a Grid Structure of Silver Nanowires

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Jinseon You ◽  
Sung Min Lee ◽  
Hong-Sik Eom ◽  
Suk Tai Chang
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Resistance ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Silver Nanowires ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Grid Structure ◽  
Transparent Conducting ◽  
Transparent Conducting Electrodes

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) formed with silver nanowires (AgNWs) have attracted attention as substitutes for indium tin oxide (ITO). However, the randomly deposited AgNW film performs poorly in terms of the transmittance and sheet resistance to serve as a substitute of ITO. To improve the performance of the AgNW film, we fabricated a grid-patterned AgNW by modifying the surface energy of the substrate. The hydrophobized surface was selectively etched by UV light through a quartz chrome mask, and a suspension of AgNWs in isopropyl alcohol/ethylene glycol mixture was coated on the substrate by a meniscus dragging deposition process. The grid-patterned AgNW film has a lower percolation threshold and a 13% higher figure-of-merit value compared to the randomly deposited AgNW film. The transparent thin films with a grid structure of AgNWs exhibit the high electrical conductivity with a sheet resistance of 33 Ohm/sq at a transmittance of 92.7% (λ = 550 nm).

Controlled aqueous synthesis of ultra-long copper nanowires for stretchable transparent conducting electrode

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 1441-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chahwan Hwang ◽  
Jihyun An ◽  
Byung Doo Choi ◽  
Kwanpyo Kim ◽  
Soon-Won Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Transparent Electrode ◽  
Copper Nanowires ◽  
Aqueous Synthesis ◽  
Transparent Conducting Electrode ◽  
Transparent Conducting ◽  
Conducting Electrode

A stretchable transparent electrode was achieved with rationally-controlled ultra-long copper nanowires and low-temperature direct spray coating.

scholarly journals Room-Temperature Solution-Processed 0D/1D Bilayer Electrodes for Translucent CsPbBr3 Perovskite Photovoltaics

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Parida ◽  
Saemon Yoon ◽  
Dong-Won Kang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Plasma Damage ◽  
Temperature Solution ◽  
Ito Nanoparticles

Materials and processing of transparent electrodes (TEs) are key factors to creating high-performance translucent perovskite solar cells. To date, sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) has been a general option for a rear TE of translucent solar cells. However, it requires a rather high cost due to vacuum process and also typically causes plasma damage to the underlying layer. Therefore, we introduced TE based on ITO nanoparticles (ITO-NPs) by solution processing in ambient air without any heat treatment. As it reveals insufficient conductivity, Ag nanowires (Ag-NWs) are additionally coated. The ITO-NPs/Ag-NW (0D/1D) bilayer TE exhibits a better figure of merit than sputtered ITO. After constructing CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells, the device with 0D/1D TE offers similar average visible transmission with the cells with sputtered ITO. More interestingly, the power conversion efficiency of 0D/1D TE device was 5.64%, which outperforms the cell (4.14%) made with sputtered-ITO. These impressive findings could open up a new pathway for the development of low-cost, translucent solar cells with quick processing under ambient air at room temperature.

scholarly journals Temperature and UV light affect the activity of marine cell-free enzymes

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 3971-3977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair Thomson ◽  
Christopher David Hepburn ◽  
Miles Lamare ◽  
Federico Baltar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Ocean Environment ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Microbial extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA) is the rate-limiting step in the degradation of organic matter in the oceans. These extracellular enzymes exist in two forms: cell-bound, which are attached to the microbial cell wall, and cell-free, which are completely free of the cell. Contrary to previous understanding, cell-free extracellular enzymes make up a substantial proportion of the total marine EEA. Little is known about these abundant cell-free enzymes, including what factors control their activity once they are away from their sites (cells). Experiments were run to assess how cell-free enzymes (excluding microbes) respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and temperature manipulations, previously suggested as potential control factors for these enzymes. The experiments were done with New Zealand coastal waters and the enzymes studied were alkaline phosphatase (APase), β-glucosidase, (BGase), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase). Environmentally relevant UVR (i.e. in situ UVR levels measured at our site) reduced cell-free enzyme activities by up to 87 % when compared to controls, likely a consequence of photodegradation. This effect of UVR on cell-free enzymes differed depending on the UVR fraction. Ambient levels of UV radiation were shown to reduce the activity of cell-free enzymes for the first time. Elevated temperatures (15 °C) increased the activity of cell-free enzymes by up to 53 % when compared to controls (10 °C), likely by enhancing the catalytic activity of the enzymes. Our results suggest the importance of both UVR and temperature as control mechanisms for cell-free enzymes. Given the projected warming ocean environment and the variable UVR light regime, it is possible that there could be major changes in the cell-free EEA and in the enzymes contribution to organic matter remineralization in the future.

scholarly journals Water-Based Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticle Ink for Printed Toluene Vapours Sensor Operating at Room Temperature

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Maslik ◽  
Ivo Kuritka ◽  
Pavel Urbanek ◽  
Petr Krcmar ◽  
Pavol Suly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Baseline Drift ◽  
Nanoparticle Dispersions ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Different Temperatures

This study is focused on the development of water-based ITO nanoparticle dispersions and ink-jet fabrication methodology of an indium tin oxide (ITO) sensor for room temperature operations. Dimensionless correlations of material-tool-process variables were used to map the printing process and several interpretational frameworks were re-examined. A reduction of the problem to the Newtonian fluid approach was applied for the sake of simplicity. The ink properties as well as the properties of the deposited layers were tested for various nanoparticles loading. High-quality films were prepared and annealed at different temperatures. The best performing material composition, process parameters and post-print treatment conditions were used for preparing the testing sensor devices. Printed specimens were exposed to toluene vapours at room temperature. Good sensitivity, fast responses and recoveries were observed in ambient air although the n-type response mechanism to toluene is influenced by moisture in air and baseline drift was observed. Sensing response inversion was observed in an oxygen and moisture-free N2 atmosphere which is explained by the charge-transfer mechanism between the adsorbent and adsorbate molecules. The sensitivity of the device was slightly better and the response was stable showing no drifts in the protective atmosphere.

Residual Stress in Sputtered Silicon Oxycarbide Thin Films

2011 ◽  
Vol 1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Du ◽  
I-Kuan Lin ◽  
Yunfei Yan ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Silicon Oxycarbide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Curvature Measurement ◽  
Film Substrate

ABSTRACTSilicon carbide (SiC) has received increasing attention on the integration of microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) due to its excellent mechanical and chemical stability at elevated temperatures. However, the deposition process of SiC thin films tends to induce relative large residual stress. In this work, the relative low stress material silicon oxide was added into SiC by RF magnetron co-sputtering to form silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) composite films. The composition of the films was characterized by Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The Young’s modulus and hardness of the films were measured by nanoindentation technique. The influence of oxygen/carbon ratio and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) temperature on the residual stress of the composite films was investigated by film-substrate curvature measurement using the Stoney’s equation. By choosing the appropriate composition and post processing, a film with relative low residual stress could be obtained.

be detected specifically, which is possible for sane groups of odorants (thiols or mercaptans, sulphides, amines) with specific GC-detectors. Spe­ cific detectors are available for haloganted compounds, sulphur-, phosphor-and nitrogen compounds. Figure 4 shews the analysis of the sulphur-ccmpounds produced by the acidic decomposition of phosphate-rock and causing the typi­ cal smell of fertilizer plants. Another approach is to aim at selective concentration methods. Indeed odour problems are caused by a limited number of compounds, on rather a li­ mited number of classes of compounds, mentioned in figure 5. For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, live­ stock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on speci­ fic absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Semet imes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Se­ lective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. Carbonyl ccnpounds for instance can be trapped by absorption in a rea­ gent solution containing 2,4-dinitrcphenylhydrazine and hydrogen chloride. Details of this method are extensively described elsewhere (8). The prin­ ciple of the method is that the carbonyl ccnpounds, in case of rendering plant emission the aldehydes, react with the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4-DNPH's) according to the scheme. These 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have seme interesting properties. It are cristalline caipounds so that after extract of the 2,4-DNPH's fran the reagens, they can be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent without losing product. Besides these caipounds shown intense absorption of UV-light (X 356 nm) and so they can easily be detected with an UV-detec-tor. These properties make the 2,4-DNPH's particularly suitable for HPDC-analyse. This methods is used since seme time. A chranatogram is given in figure 6 and results of the quantitative determination of carbonyl com­ pounds in different situations are given in table 2. For amines absorption in an acid solution, or preferably adsorption onto an acid ion exchange column (acidified divinylbenzene-styrenesulfo-nic acid copolymer) is used. 10-50 1 of ambient air is sent over*a wet 100nnix3irmI.D. column; the ion exchange polymer is put into a vial, made alkaline and the water solution is analysed on packed Carbowax-KDH GC-column with a thermionic selective detector (TSD), which is specific for nitrogen- and phosphorus-catpounds. Trimethylamine is detected easi­ ly at 1 ppb. Aibids can be absorbed specifically in an alkaline impringer, which is extracted with ether after acidification to pH 2. This method was used for rendering plant emissions, shewing a series of linear and branched

1986 ◽  
pp. 170-170
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Chemical Plants ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Emissions ◽  
Number Of Classes

Unique Archaeal Small RNAs

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vicente Gomes-Filho ◽  
Michael Daume ◽  
Lennart Randau
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Genome Rearrangement ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Hyperthermophilic Archaea ◽  
Rna Modification

Advances in genome-wide sequence technologies allow for detailed insights into the complexity of RNA landscapes of organisms from all three domains of life. Recent analyses of archaeal transcriptomes identified interaction and regulation networks of noncoding RNAs in this understudied domain. Here, we review current knowledge of small, noncoding RNAs with important functions for the archaeal lifestyle, which often requires adaptation to extreme environments. One focus is RNA metabolism at elevated temperatures in hyperthermophilic archaea, which reveals elevated amounts of RNA-guided RNA modification and virus defense strategies. Genome rearrangement events result in unique fragmentation patterns of noncoding RNA genes that require elaborate maturation pathways to yield functional transcripts. RNA-binding proteins, e.g., L7Ae and LSm, are important for many posttranscriptional control functions of RNA molecules in archaeal cells. We also discuss recent insights into the regulatory potential of their noncoding RNA partners.

scholarly journals PEDOT:PSS in Water and Toluene for Organic Devices—Technical Approach

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Jewłoszewicz ◽  
Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz ◽  
Wojciech Przybył ◽  
Agnieszka Iwan ◽  
Ireneusz Plebankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Energy Bandgap

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) water and toluene solutions were investigated in detail, taking into consideration their stability, wettability, transparency, and electrochemical properties, along with change polarity caused by dopant. As dopant, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were used with different dipole moments (1.70, 1.69, and 1.66 D) and dielectric constants (33.0, 24.5, and 18.0). Three techniques, i.e., spin coating, doctor blade coating, and spray coating, were employed to created PEDOT:PSS layers on glass, glass/indium tin oxide (ITO), and glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates with optimized technical parameters for each used equipment. All used PEDOT:PSS water and toluene solutions demonstrated good wetting properties with angles below 30° for all used surfaces. Values of the energy bandgap (Eg) of PEDOT:PSS investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in solution showed increase energy Eg along with addition of alcohol to the mixture, and they were found in the range of 1.20 eV to 2.85 eV. The opposite tendency was found for the Eg value of the PEDOT:PSS layer created from water solution. The storage effect on PEDOT:PSS layers detected by CV affected only the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, thereby causing changes in the energy bandgap. Finally, simple devices were constructed and investigated by infrared (IR) thermographic camera to investigate the surface defects on the created PEDOT:PSS layers. Our study showed that a more stable PEDOT:PSS layer without pin-holes and defects can be obtained from water and toluene solutions with isopropanol via the spin coating technique with an optimal speed of 3000 rpm and time of 90 s.

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