scholarly journals Modified Nanoparticles as Potential Agents in Bone Diseases: Cancer and Implant-Related Complications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Karol P. Steckiewicz ◽  
Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Bone Cancer ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Capping Agent ◽  
Implant Surface

Materials sized 1–100 nm are the nanotechnology’s field of interest. Because of the unique properties such as the ability to penetrate biological barriers and a high surface to volume ratio, nanoparticles (NPs) are a powerful tool to be used in medicine and industry. This review discusses the role of nanotechnology in bone-related issues: osteosarcoma (bone cancer), the biocompatibility of the implants and implant-related infections. In cancer therapy, NPs can be used as (I) cytotoxic agents, (II) drug delivery platforms and (III) in thermotherapy. In implant-related issues, NPs can be used as (I) antimicrobial agents and (II) adjuvants to increase the biocompatibility of implant surface. Properties of NPs depend on (I) the type of NPs, (II) their size, (III) shape, (IV) concentration, (V) incubation time, (VI) functionalization and (VII) capping agent type.

scholarly journals Layered Double Hydroxides: A Toolbox for Chemistry and Biology

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Arrabito ◽  
Aurelio Bonasera ◽  
Giuseppe Prestopino ◽  
Andrea Orsini ◽  
Alessio Mattoccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxides ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Organic Catalysis ◽  
Double Hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are an emergent class of biocompatible inorganic lamellar nanomaterials that have attracted significant research interest owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, the capability to accumulate specific molecules, and the timely release to targets. Their unique properties have been employed for applications in organic catalysis, photocatalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and cell biology. Given the widespread contemporary interest in these topics, time-to-time it urges to review the recent progresses. This review aims to summarize the most recent cutting-edge reports appearing in the last years. It firstly focuses on the application of LDHs as catalysts in relevant chemical reactions and as photocatalysts for organic molecule degradation, water splitting reaction, CO2 conversion, and reduction. Subsequently, the emerging role of these materials in biological applications is discussed, specifically focusing on their use as biosensors, DNA, RNA, and drug delivery, finally elucidating their suitability as contrast agents and for cellular differentiation. Concluding remarks and future prospects deal with future applications of LDHs, encouraging researches in better understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in catalytic and photocatalytic processes, and the molecular pathways that are activated by the interaction of LDHs with cells in terms of both uptake mechanisms and nanotoxicology effects.

Nanotechnology in the Management of Bone Diseases and as Regenerative Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Franceschini Mitri ◽  
Avinash P. Ingle ◽  
Mahendra Rai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bone Cancer ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Tissue Reconstruction

Background: Nanotechnology has demonstrated great potential for the cure of bone infections through the development of antibacterial nanomaterials. The bone diseases include many skeletal- related illnesses such as arthritis, bone cancer, osteosarcoma and osteoarthritis, which are the major causes of mortality in human beings. Moreover, there are no effective treatment strategies available for such bone diseases. However, these limitations create pressing need to search safe and efficient novel drugs for clinical treatments. In this context, nanotechnology- based targeted drug delivery is widely proposed as an effective treatment strategy. Objective: Recently, various nanomaterials have been extensively used in the management of bone diseases. Therefore, we aimed to write a comprehensive review on the role of nanotechnology in bone diseases. Methods: We searched Google and PubMed portals extensively concerning literature of the following subjects so as to get latest updated information related to current developments in the field of nanotechnology in the context of bone diseases. Results: In the present review, we have discussed the role of the various nanomaterials, which can be promisingly used in the diagnosis and treatment of dentistry and bone cancer. Further, biomedical applications of nanomaterials like imaging, diagnostic, drug delivery and their use as regenerative bone substitutes have also been discussed. Conclusions: Considering the recent advances in the field, it can be concluded that the development of nano-based approaches can be possible, which will play important role in the diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases, bone regeneration, and tissue reconstruction.

Biological weathering in soil: the role of symbiotic root-associated fungi biosensing minerals and directing photosynthate-energy into grain-scale mineral weathering

2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Leake ◽  
A. L. Duran ◽  
K. E. Hardy ◽  
I. Johnson ◽  
D. J. Beerling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
P Content ◽  
Biological Weathering

AbstractBiological weathering is a function of biotic energy expenditure. Growth and metabolism of organisms generates acids and chelators, selectively absorbs nutrient ions, and applies turgor pressure and other physical forces which, in concert, chemically and physically alter minerals. In unsaturated soil environments, plant roots normally form symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with fungi. The plants provide photosynthate-carbohydrate-energy to the fungi in return for nutrients absorbed from the soil and released from minerals. In ectomycorrhiza, one of the two major types of mycorrhiza of trees, roots are sheathed in fungus, and 15—30% of the net photosynthate of the plants passes through these fungi into the soil and virtually all of the water and nutrients taken up by the plants are supplied through the fungi. Here we show that ectomycorrhizal fungi actively forage for minerals and act as biosensors that discriminate between different grain sizes (53—90 μm, 500—1000 μm) and different minerals (apatite, biotite, quartz) to favour grains with a high surface-area to volume ratio and minerals with the highest P content. Growth and carbon allocation of the fungi is preferentially directed to intensively interact with these selected minerals to maximize resource foraging.

Fabrication of Hybrid Cell-Microbead Constructs Using Laser Direct-Write of Alginate Microbeads and Adherent Breast Cancer Cells

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Dias ◽  
David M. Kingsley ◽  
Douglas B. Chrisey ◽  
David T. Corr
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Hybrid Cell ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Direct Write ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Paracrine Signaling ◽  
Laser Direct Write

Microbeads are becoming popular tools in tissue engineering as 3D microstructure hydrogels. The gel nature of microbeads enables them to sequester soluble factors and mammalian cells, and their high surface area-to-volume ratio allows diffusion between the bead and the environment [1,2]. Microbeads are thus good systems for drug delivery and can serve as 3D microenvironments for cells. To fully maximize their potential as delivery systems and microenvironments, it is highly desirable to create spatially-precise hybrid cultures of microbeads and mammalian cells. Precise placement of microbeads in proximity to patterned cells will allow the study of spatial cellular interactions, paracrine signaling, and drug delivery.

scholarly journals A Mucoadhesive Electrospun Nanofibrous Matrix for Rapid Oramucosal Drug Delivery

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Dott ◽  
Charu Tyagi ◽  
Lomas K. Tomar ◽  
Yahya E. Choonara ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Work Of Adhesion ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Fill Volume

A nanofibrous matrix system (NFMS), consisting of a drug-loaded nanofiber layer, was electrospun directly onto a polymeric backing film, the latter of which was formulated and optimized according to a 3-level, 3-factor Box-Behnken experimental design. The dependent variables, fill volume, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) concentration, and glycerol concentration, were assessed for their effects on measured responses, disintegration time, work of adhesion, force of adhesion, dissolution area under curve (AUC) at 1 minute, and permeation AUC at 3 minutes. Physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of the developed system were studied by rheology, FTIR, toughness determination, mucoadhesion, and nanotensile testing. Data obtained from the physicomechanical characterization confirmed the suitability of NFMS for application in oramucosal drug delivery. The optimized NFMS showed the drug entrapment of 2.3 mg/1.5 cm2with disintegration time of 12.8 seconds. Electrospinning of drug-loaded polyvinylalcohol (PVA) fibers resulted in a matrix with an exceedingly high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which enhanced the rate of dissolution for rapid oramucosal drug delivery. To corroborate with the experimental studies, the incorporation of glycerol with HPMC and PVA blend was mechanistically elucidated using computer-assisted modeling of the 3D polymeric architecture of the respective molecular complexes to envisage the likely alignment of the polymer morphologies affecting the performance of the nanofibrous device.

Development of Diclofenac Sodium Releasing Bio-Erodible Polymeric Nanomats

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3310-3320 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Piras ◽  
L. Nikkola ◽  
F. Chiellini ◽  
N. Ashammakhi ◽  
E. Chiellini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Nano Structure

Application of nanofiber-based nanomats in medicine is attractive and thanks to the 3D nano-structure and the high surface to volume ratio they are excellent for local controlled drug delivery. The use of bioactive bioerodible polymers for developing drug delivery nanomats may allow for drug release and targeting control. Objective of the current study was to evaluate the suitability of bioerodible polymeric material based on n-butyl hemiester of [poly(maleic anhydride-alt-2-methoxyethyl vinyl ether)] (PAM14) for the preparation of nanomats for controlled administration of anti-inflammatory, diclofenac sodium (DS) drug. Samples were prepared using different polymer concentrations (5–10%) in either ethanol or acetic acid as solvent. Morphology was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to detect effect on polymer arrangement. DS localization in electrospun nanomats was evaluated by using electron back scattering microanalysis, based on the detection of chlorine, and drug release kinetics was assessed using UV-Vis. Average fiber diameter resulted in the range of 100 nm to 1.0 μm and a homogeneous distribution of the loaded drug into the fibers was observed. The DS release was immediate and despite the preliminary nature of the performed electrospinning experiments, the achieved results appear promising for the future development of a novel system for the controlled and targeted administration of drug and active agent.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using Brazilian red propolis and evaluation of its antimicrobial and anticancer activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. A. Botteon ◽  
L. B. Silva ◽  
G. V. Ccana-Ccapatinta ◽  
T. S. Silva ◽  
S. R. Ambrosio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Anticancer Activities

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highlighted due to their low toxicity, compatibility with the human body, high surface area to volume ratio, and surfaces that can be easily modified with ligands. Biosynthesis of AuNPs using plant extract is considered a simple, low-cost, and eco-friendly approach. Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP), a product of bees, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Here, we described the biosynthesis of AuNPs using BRP extract (AuNPextract) and its fractions (AuNPhexane, AuNPdichloromethane, AuNPethyl acetate) and evaluated their structural properties and their potential against microorganisms and cancer cells. AuNPs showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 535 nm. The sizes and morphologies were influenced by the BRP sample used in the reaction. FTIR and TGA revealed the involvement of bioactive compounds from BRP extract or its fractions in the synthesis and stabilization of AuNPs. AuNPdichloromethane and AuNPhexane exhibited antimicrobial activities against all strains tested, showing their efficacy as antimicrobial agents to treat infectious diseases. AuNPs showed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity both in T24 and PC-3 cells. AuNPdichloromethane and AuNPextract exhibited the highest in vitro cytotoxic effect. Also, the cytotoxicity of biogenic nanoparticles was induced by mechanisms associated with apoptosis. The results highlight a potential low-cost green method using Brazilian red propolis to synthesize AuNPs, which demonstrated significant biological properties.

scholarly journals MUCOADHESIVE AND MICROSPHERE: A SHORT REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Singh ◽  
Richa Tibrewal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Microsphere Method ◽  
Method Of Evaluation ◽  
Mucoadhesive Microsphere

Microsphere constitutes an important part of novel drug delivery system by virtue of their small size and efficient carrier capacity. Due to their short residence time, bioadhesive characteristics can be coupled to microsphere to develop mucoadhesive microsphere. Bioadhesion defined as state in which two materials, at least one of which is biological in nature, are held together for a prolonged time by the way of interfacial forces. Microsphere are the carrier around drug delivery system in which particle size in ranges from 1-1000 μm range in diameter having a core of drug and entirely outer layers of polymers as coating material. Mucoadhesive microsphere have advantages like efficient absorption and enhanced bioavailability of drugs due to high surface of volume ratio, a much more intimate contact with mucus layer, controlled and sustained release of drug from dosage form and specific targeting of drug to absorption site. This study aim to provide an overview of various aspects of mucoadhesive microsphere based on various polymers, method of preparation of mucoadhesive microsphere, method of evaluation and their applications in drug delivery system.Keywords: Mucoadhesive, microsphere, bioavailability.

Synthetic Polymer-based Electrospun Fibers: Biofunctionalization Strategies and Recent Advances in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Diagnostics

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 2385-2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Pertici ◽  
Guillaume Martrou ◽  
Didier Gigmes ◽  
Thomas Trimaille
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Critical Requirement ◽  
High Degree

Background: Over the last decades, synthetic polymer-based electrospun nano/microfibers have emerged as potent materials in crucial biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and diagnostics. This is mainly attributed to versatility and reproducibility of the electrospinning (ES) process, as well as the high surface- to-volume ratio of the generated nanostructures. Appropriate functionalization with dedicated biomolecules (i.e. cell adhesive peptides, therapeutic molecules, bio-probes) is a critical requirement for the performances of such materials in their related application. Methods: We report on the different chemical methodologies for preparing biofunctionalized synthetic polymer fibers, on the basis of two main approaches: biomolecule introduction after ES process (post-ES) and before ES (pre-ES). We then focused on the latest implications of such materials in areas of tissue engineering, drug delivery and diagnostics. Results: This review describes the numerous immobilization strategies (either covalent or non-covalent) developed for designing biofunctionalized fibers, as well as their impact on their properties in dedicated application. The inputs of advanced conjugation tools (“clickable” chemistries, PEG linkers) for biofunctionalization are also highlighted. In the light of the literature, it appears that increasing research efforts are now devoted to multifunctional character and fiber combination with other materials (hydrogels, inorganic particles, microfluidic devices) for improved and tunable performances. Conclusion: Owing to flexibility and robustness of ES process as well as advances in conjugation and polymer/material engineering, high degree of control over biofunctionalization can now be achieved, to fit as best as possible the requirements of the targeted application. The performances reached up to now augur well for the future of such class of materials.

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