scholarly journals Fungal α-1,3-Glucan as a New Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern in the Insect Model Host Galleria mellonella

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 5097
Author(s):  
Sylwia Stączek ◽  
Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas ◽  
Iwona Wojda ◽  
Adrian Wiater ◽  
Paweł Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Hemolymph Proteins

Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by appropriate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key step in activating the host immune response. The role of a fungal PAMP is attributed to β-1,3-glucan. The role of α-1,3-glucan, another fungal cell wall polysaccharide, in modulating the host immune response is not clear. This work investigates the potential of α-1,3-glucan as a fungal PAMP by analyzing the humoral immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan. We demonstrated that 57-kDa and 61-kDa hemolymph proteins, identified as β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins, bound to A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Other hemolymph proteins, i.e., apolipophorin I, apolipophorin II, prophenoloxidase, phenoloxidase activating factor, arylphorin, and serine protease, were also identified among α-1,3-glucan-interacting proteins. In response to α-1,3-glucan, a 4.5-fold and 3-fold increase in the gene expression of antifungal peptides galiomicin and gallerimycin was demonstrated, respectively. The significant increase in the level of five defense peptides, including galiomicin, corresponded well with the highest antifungal activity in hemolymph. Our results indicate that A. niger α-1,3-glucan is recognized by the insect immune system, and immune response is triggered by this cell wall component. Thus, the role of a fungal PAMP for α-1,3-glucan can be postulated.

scholarly journals Iron alters the cell wall composition and intracellular lactate to affect Candida albicans susceptibility to antifungals and host immune response

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (29) ◽  
pp. 10032-10044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Tripathi ◽  
Elisabetta Liverani ◽  
Alexander Y. Tsygankov ◽  
Sumant Puri
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Fungal Cell Wall ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
High Iron ◽  
Cell Wall Architecture

Fungal pathogen Candida albicans has a complex cell wall consisting of an outer layer of mannans and an inner layer of β-glucans and chitin. The fungal cell wall is the primary target for antifungals and is recognized by host immune cells. Environmental conditions such as carbon sources, pH, temperature, and oxygen tension can modulate the fungal cell wall architecture. Cellular signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, are responsible for sensing environmental cues and mediating cell wall alterations. Although iron has recently been shown to affect β-1,3-glucan exposure on the cell wall, we report here that iron changes the composition of all major C. albicans cell wall components. Specifically, high iron decreased the levels of mannans (including phosphomannans) and chitin; and increased β-1,3-glucan levels. These changes increased the resistance of C. albicans to cell wall-perturbing antifungals. Moreover, high iron cells exhibited adequate mitochondrial functioning; leading to a reduction in accumulation of lactate that signals through the transcription factor Crz1 to induce β-1,3-glucan masking in C. albicans. We show here that iron-induced changes in β-1,3-glucan exposure are lactate-dependent; and high iron causes β-1,3-glucan exposure by preventing lactate-induced, Crz1-mediated inhibition of activation of the fungal MAPK Cek1. Furthermore, despite exhibiting enhanced antifungal resistance, high iron C. albicans cells had reduced survival upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Our results underscore the role of iron as an environmental signal in multiple signaling pathways that alter cell wall architecture in C. albicans, thereby affecting its survival upon exposure to antifungals and host immune response.

Role of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer proteins (Yops) in murine humoral immune response

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. L. Maia ◽  
L. G. S. Monnazzi ◽  
B. M. M. Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Humoral Immune

Recent advances in the synthesis of fungal antigenic oligosaccharides

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 885-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim B. Krylov ◽  
Lucia Paulovičová ◽  
Ema Paulovičová ◽  
Yury E. Tsvetkov ◽  
Nikolay E. Nifantiev
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Carbohydrate Chemistry ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Synthetic Methodologies ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Constant Improvement

AbstractThe driving force for the constant improvement and development of new synthetic methodologies in carbohydrate chemistry is a growing demand for biologically important oligosaccharide ligands and neoglycoconjugates thereof for numerous biochemical investigations such as cell-to-pathogen interactions, immune response, cell adhesion, etc. Here we report our syntheses of the spacer-armed antigenic oligosaccharides related to three groups of the polysaccharides of the fungal cell-wall including α- and β-mannan, α- and β-glucan and galactomannan chains, which include new rationally designed synthetic blocks, efficient solutions for the stereoselective construction of glycoside bonds, and novel strategy for preparation of furanoside-containing oligosaccharides based on recently discovered pyranoside-into-furanoside (PIF) rearrangement.

The possible role of the frontal and sub-parietal gland systems of the pentastomidReighardia sternae(Diesing, 1864) in the evasion of the host immune response

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Riley ◽  
J. L. James ◽  
A. A. Banaja
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Concomitant Immunity ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe frontal and sub-parietal glands of the pentastomidReighardia sternaeelaborate lamellate secretion which is poured on to the cuticle. The entire surface of the cuticle, including the mouth, hook pits and reproductive apertures, is coated with secretion. Electron microscope studies indicate that the glands are continuously active, which implies a turnover of surface membranes. The postulated function of these membranes is to protect certain vital areas of the host–parasite interface, notably the pores of ion-transporting cells, from the host immune response. The available evidence suggests that pentastomids do evoke a strong immune response but since most are long-lived they must circumvent it. We believe the surface membrane system to be instrumental in this. Studies on another pentastomid,Porocephalus crotaliin rats have shown that an immune response stimulated by a primary infection will kill subsequent infections and that the surface membranes are strongly immunogenic. Obvious parallels between this situation and that of schistosome infections in mammals are discussed. An alternative explanation of concomitant immunity is proposed.

scholarly journals Immunity and its role in periodontal diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Irina Dumitrache ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapy ◽  
Common Chronic Disease

Periodontal disease is one of the most common chronic disease, with a prevalence between 5% and 30% in adult population aged 25-75. In the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, the host immune response has a great importance and in the last years it has been underlined the role of immunomodulatory therapy in the management of periodontal disease. Septilin is a herbal immunomodulatory with clinical efficacy proven in the periodontal disease.

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