scholarly journals Cyanogenic Glycoside Analysis in American Elderberry

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Michael K. Appenteng ◽  
Ritter Krueger ◽  
Mitch C. Johnson ◽  
Harrison Ingold ◽  
Richard Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Camera Phone ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Cyanogenic Potential

Cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) are naturally occurring plant molecules (nitrogenous plant secondary metabolites) which consist of an aglycone and a sugar moiety. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is released from these compounds following enzymatic hydrolysis causing potential toxicity issues. The presence of CNGs in American elderberry (AE) fruit, Sambucus nigra (subsp. canadensis), is uncertain. A sensitive, reproducible and robust LC-MS/MS method was developed and optimized for accurate identification and quantification of the intact glycoside. A complimentary picrate paper test method was modified to determine the total cyanogenic potential (TCP). TCP analysis was performed using a camera-phone and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. A method validation was conducted and the developed methods were successfully applied to the assessment of TCP and quantification of intact CNGs in different tissues of AE samples. Results showed no quantifiable trace of CNGs in commercial AE juice. Levels of CNGs found in various fruit tissues of AE cultivars studied ranged from between 0.12 and 6.38 µg/g. In pressed juice samples, the concentration range measured was 0.29–2.36 µg/mL and in seeds the levels were 0.12–2.38 µg/g. TCP was highest in the stems and green berries. Concentration levels in all tissues were generally low and at a level that poses no threat to consumers of fresh and processed AE products.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Meri Yulvianti ◽  
Christian Zidorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Sugar Moiety ◽  
Plant Natural Products ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.

Contrast Research on Cutting Forces in 4-Axis and 5-Axis Blade Machining Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Tong Wu ◽  
Can Zhao ◽  
Guang Bin Bu ◽  
Dun Wen Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Force ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Nc Program ◽  
Blade Machining ◽  
The Difference

In this paper, test method was used to study the distribution of cutting force while blade machined with 4-axis and 5-axis NC program. The main difference between the two program was given. The difference of machining forms between 4-axis and 5-axis has led to their cutting forces distribution were different. The change of cutting force in 4-axis machining was large while the 5-axis machining was relatively stable. 5-axis cutting force had no impact comparing with 4-axis, which is more suitable for blade machining.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Oleandrin and Other Cardiac Glycosides and Evaluation of Their Levels in Herbs and Spices from the Belgian Market

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Malysheva ◽  
Patrick P. J. Mulder ◽  
Julien Masquelier
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
Culinary Herbs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Development And Validation

Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are naturally occurring plant secondary metabolites that can be toxic to humans and animals. The aim of this work was to develop a targeted analytical method utilizing liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for quantification of these plant toxins in a herbal-based food and human urine. The method included oleandrin, digoxin, digitoxin, convallatoxin, and ouabain. Samples of culinary herbs were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned using Oasis® MAX solid-phase extraction (SPE), while samples of urine were diluted with acidified water and purified on Oasis® HLB SPE cartridges. Limits of quantification were in the range of 1.5–15 ng/g for herbs and 0.025–1 ng/mL for urine. The mean recovery of the method complied with the acceptable range of 70–120% for most CGs, and relative standard deviations were at maximum 14% and 19% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively. Method linearity was good with calculated R² values above 0.997. The expanded measurement uncertainty was estimated to be in the range of 7–37%. The LC-MS/MS method was used to examine 65 samples of culinary herbs and herb and spice mixtures collected in Belgium, from supermarkets and local stores. The samples were found to be free from the analyzed CGs.

The Effect of Weathering on Ecopersistence, Reactivity, and Potential Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Asbestos and Asbestiform Minerals

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo ◽  
Francesco Turci ◽  
Maura Tomatis ◽  
Roberto Compagnoni ◽  
Rosanna Piervittori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Asbestos ◽  
Asbestiform Minerals

scholarly journals Repellence and attraction of Apis mellifera foragers by nectar alkaloids

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Z. Hroncová ◽  
J. Havlík ◽  
L. Stanková ◽  
S. Hájková ◽  
D. Titěra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Addictive Behaviour ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Honey Bee Foragers ◽  
Artificial Flowers

Abstract Plant secondary metabolites present naturally in nectar, such as alkaloids, may change the behavioural responses of floral visitors and affect pollination. Some studies have shown that nectar containing low concentrations of these secondary metabolites is preferred by honey bee foragers over pure nectar. However, it remains unclear whether this is caused by dependence or addictive behaviour, a simple taste preference, or by other conditions such as self-medication. In our choice experiment, free-flying bees were presented with artificial flowers holding 20% sucrose containing 0.5−50 μg ml−1 of one of the naturally occurring nectar alkaloids - caffeine, nicotine, senecionine, and gelsemine. Nectar uptake was determined by weighing each flower and comparing the weight to that of the control flower. Our experimental design minimized memorizing and marking; despite this, caffeine was significantly preferred at concentrations 0.5−2 μg ml−1 over control nectar; this preference was not observed for other alkaloids. All of the compounds tested were repellent at concentrations above 5 μg ml−1. We confirmed previous reports that bees exhibit a preference for caffeine, and hypothesize that this is not due only to addictive behaviour but is at least partially mediated by taste preference. We observed no significant preference for nicotine or any other alkaloid.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF CHALCONES

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. DÍAZ-TIELAS ◽  
E. GRAÑA ◽  
M.J. REIGOSA ◽  
A.M. SÁNCHEZ-MOREIRAS
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives

ABSTRACT This review provides information on the biological activities of chalcones (whether natural or synthetic derivatives) on different organisms, as well as an overview of the functions and possible new applications of these plant secondary metabolites on crop protection, as eco-friendly pesticides and weed control agents. Naturally occurring chalcones have been used in traditional medicine for many years; however, recent scientific advances have shown that these molecules have a broad range of biological activities in a variety of organisms. A review on the major sources of chalcones and the main molecular events involved in the modes of action of these natural products is achieved. Chalcones are molecules with a broad spectrum of biological activities, which are of great interest in agriculture to control weeds and unwanted pests.

Synthesis of Degraded Cyanogenic Glycosides From Sambucus Nigra

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina DellaGreca ◽  
Antonio Fiorentino ◽  
Pietro Monaco ◽  
Lucio Previtera ◽  
Fabio Temussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Sambucus Nigra

scholarly journals Cyanogenesis prospection in galled and non-galled tissues of Microgramma squamulosa (Polypodiaceae)

Lilloa ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
Mariana Fernandes da Rocha ◽  
Isabella Rodrigues Lancellotti ◽  
Marcelo Guerra Santos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Sterile Leaf ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Epiphytic Fern ◽  
Janeiro State ◽  
Different Tissues

Cyanogenic glycosides are defense substances that can produce hydrocyanic acid when they undergo hydrolysis as a result of herbivory, a process called cyanogenesis. Galls are neoformed structures of plant tissues induced by species-specific interactions between an inducer organism and a host plant. Earlier studies in Microgramma species have demonstrated that has a variation in cyanogenesis within and between populations, as well as in different plant organs. Microgramma squamulosa is an epiphytic fern that may contain stem galls induced by Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess cyanogenesis seasonally and in different tissues (galled and non-galled) of M. squamulosa. The study was conducted in populations located in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Cyanogenesis was assessed using the Feigl-Anger paper test. A total of 260 galled and non-galled tissues were analyzed, 45 gall samples, 67 sterile leaves, 103 stems and 2 croziers. Cyanogenesis was detected in only three sterile leaf samples. In none of the samples were the stems or galls cyanogenic. The results corroborate the hypothesis that the stems of Microgramma squamulosa galled by Tortrimosaica polypodivora are not cyanogenic.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI KANDUNGAN BORAKS PADA MI BASAH DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KOTA BENGKULU

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putri Widelia ◽  
Jon Farizal ◽  
Mula Narti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Qualitative Test ◽  
Home Industries ◽  
The City

Background: Wet noodles (raw wet noodles or wet noodles) are one of a kind of noodles that are widely known and favored by Indonesian. The use of borax is still high based on POM Bengkulu. Indonesia ranks is second after korea. The wet noodle industry is widespread in many parts of Indonesia and is mostly produced by home industries, and small or medium industries. The use of this borax in foods because boric acid can inhibit the growth of microorganisms, so the food has been added borax looks fresh and durable lasting. This study aims to identify the presence or absence of borax in wet noodles in the city of Bengkulu 2017.Research Objectives: To identify at least the wet noodle slippers sold in traditional Bengkulu City 2017.Method: This research method is qualitative test of kurkuma paper test method, the sample in this research is 33 wet noodles sold in traditional market of Bengkulu City with sampling technique of simplerandom sampling.Result: Result of research from 33 wet noodles sold in traditional market of Bengkulu City, found most of 22 (66,66%) wet noodle containing borax. In the kurkuma method, a positive sample contains borax, with reddish brown or red brick. The characteristics of wet noodles that contain borax texture is chewy, more shiny, not sticky, and not quickly broken.Conclusion: Most (66.66%) found the borax on wet noodles sold in traditional markets of Bengkulu City. So it is necessary to socialize from Dinkes to traders about the danger of borax, and can minimize the use of borax by wet noodle traders.

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