scholarly journals Optimized Extraction of Amikacin from Murine Whole Blood

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
Roccaldo Sardella ◽  
Styliani Xiroudaki ◽  
Laura Mercolini ◽  
Samuele Sabbatini ◽  
Claudia Monari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Vacuum Treatment ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Drug Partitioning ◽  
Extraction Mixture

Amikacin (Amk) analysis and quantitation, for pharmacokinetics studies and other types of investigations, is conventionally performed after extraction from plasma. No report exists so far regarding drug extraction from whole blood (WB). This can represent an issue since quantification in plasma does not account for drug partitioning to the blood cell compartment, significantly underrating the drug fraction reaching the blood circulation. In the present work, the optimization of an extraction method of Amk from murine WB has been described. The extraction yield was measured by RP-HPLC-UV after derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, which produced an appreciably stable derivative with a favorable UV/vis absorption. Several extraction conditions were tested: spiked Amk disulfate solution/acetonitrile/WB ratio; presence of organic acids and/or ammonium hydroxide and/or ammonium acetate in the extraction mixture; re-dissolution of the supernatant in water after a drying process under vacuum; treatment of the supernatant with a solution of inorganic salts. The use of 5% (by volume) of ammonium hydroxide in a hydro-organic solution with acetonitrile, allowed the almost quantitative (95%) extraction of the drug from WB.

scholarly journals Monolithic Silica Capillary Columns with Improved Retention and Selectivity for Amino Acids

Separations ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Moravcová ◽  
Josef Planeta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Monolithic Column ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Capillary Columns ◽  
Silica Monolith ◽  
Monolithic Capillary Columns ◽  
Modification Procedure ◽  
Silica Capillary

A strategy for the preparation of silica-based monolithic capillary columns (150 × 0.1 mm) with high selectivity to amino acids is presented. The zwitterionic columns were prepared by coating the silica monolith with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium hydroxide via 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. The columns were evaluated under isocratic conditions in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. The best separation of amino acids was obtained on the monolithic column prepared by a stepwise modification procedure where the modification step was repeated four times. The mixture of fifteen amino acids was separated within 13 min using the mobile phase consisting of 75% acetonitrile and 25% 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate at pH 4.5.

Effect of Ammonium Acetate on the Properties of Chemical Bath Deposited CdS Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer A. Al-Yafeai ◽  
Sovannary Phok ◽  
Sahar A. Al-Shaibani ◽  
Shifaa M. Al-Baity ◽  
Esmaeel M. Al-Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Bath Solution ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analyzer ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

ABSTRACTThis investigation is a comprehensive study of the effect of ammonium acetate on the electrical, optical, morphology and microstructure of CdS thin films grown by Chemical Bath Deposition method (CBD). Two sets of CdS thin films (A and B) were deposited on glass substrates at 60°C for 60 min. The films were deposited using chemical bath solution that consists of cadmium acetate, ammonium hydroxide, and thiourea. However, ammonium acetate was added into the chemical bath used to deposit set (B), where ammonium acetate was eliminated from bath solution used to deposit set (A). The films’ morphology was examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), whereas, the chemical composition was investigated by Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) θ/2θ technique was applied to study the structure of the films. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the average surface roughness of the films, and Dektak Profilometer was used to determine the CdS films thickness. The optical and electrical properties for the films were determined using UV-Vis-NIR Spectrometer, and the Hall Effect technique, respectively. The highest carrier mobility was obtained for the films deposited in an ammonium acetate free bath. However, both films were polycrystalline with hexagonal structure exhibiting a tendency toward <002> texture, that increase with increasing the pH value of the chemical bath.

Novel LC–MS/MS method for the determination of selumetinib (AZD6244) in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling

Bioanalysis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 883-892
Author(s):  
Ramakrishna R Voggu ◽  
Theodore S Brus ◽  
Chineta T Barksdale ◽  
Paul Severin ◽  
Patricia Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Bioanalytical Method Validation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Human Whole Blood ◽  
Regulatory Guidance ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling

Aim: A method has been developed and validated for quantitation of selumetinib in human whole blood collected using a Mitra™ volumetric absorptive microsampling device. This device is patient-friendly, affording less-invasive sampling with broad applicability to clinical and diagnostic applications – specifically in pediatric populations. Materials & methods: In this method, drug is extracted from the Mitra device via sonication in methanol: Ammonium hydroxide, then analyzed by LC–MS/MS. The linear range for selumetinib analysis is 2.00–2000 ng/ml. Results: All validation parameters met acceptance criteria established in agreement with current regulatory guidance for bioanalytical method validation. The stability of selumetinib in Mitra tips was established at both ambient and frozen conditions. Conclusion: A simple method has been developed and validated for determination of selumetinib from human whole blood, collected using volumetric absorptive microsampling and analyzed by LC–MS/MS.

Distribution of Aluminium between Plasma and Erythrocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.B. van der Voet ◽  
F.A. de Wolff
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
Toxic Trace Metals

1 It is common use to monitor body burdens of toxic trace metals by measuring concentrations in whole blood. To monitor aluminium (Al) body burden in renal patients on haemodialysis, which is a high-risk group for Al poisoning, the concentrations of Al in plasma (AIP) or serum (AlS) are determined rather than Al in whole blood (AlB). 2 To evaluate this custom, which exists in clinical laboratories, an investigation was made into the distribution of Al between the plasma and the blood-cell compartment and on the extent of binding of Al to the blood cells both in rats and in dialysed patients. 3 The results show that Al is distributed between plasma and blood cells with only very small quantitative differences, that binding of Al to blood cells is very weak and that AlP and AIB have similar prognostic value for toxicity.

scholarly journals The Freezing of Human Serum and Plasma in Medical Research Council Transfusion Bottles, Before Drying by Sublimation from the Frozen State

1941 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. N. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Arbitrary Unit ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Frozen State

Human serum was dried in this department at the outbreak of war with a view to its possible use as a stable substitute for whole blood for transfusion purposes. In the absence of any definite knowledge of dosage, the arbitrary unit of 200 c. c. was chosen, because this was approximately the amount of serum which could be obtained from a pint of clotted blood, and also because this amount of serum could conveniently be frozen before drying in 12 oz. medical-flat bottles. The technique of freezing was to place the bottles of serum on racks in a cold-room maintained at –20° C, the racks being slightly inclined from the horizontal so that the serum froze in a wedge, thus giving a reasonably large surface from which evaporation could occur during the drying process. Large amounts of human serum have been dried by sublimation from the frozen state on apparatus based on the experimental model described by Greaves & Adair (1939), after prefreezing by this simple technique.

Optimizing RNA extraction yield from whole blood for microarray gene expression analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
John F. Robinson ◽  
Hafiz M.R. Khan ◽  
David E. Carter ◽  
James McKinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Microarray Gene Expression ◽  
Microarray Gene ◽  
Microarray Gene Expression Analysis

Effect of Processing Parameters and Heating Techniques on the Extraction Yield of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1125 ◽  
pp. 489-493
Author(s):  
C.K. Foong ◽  
Mohd Johari Kamaruddin ◽  
Anwar Johari ◽  
Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah ◽  
Mimi Haryani Hassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Thermal Heating ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Extraction Mixture ◽  
Heating Up ◽  
Sample Ratio

This paper is focused on the effects of processing parameters such as particle size of sample (300-700 μm), ratio of sample to solvent (10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1), temperature (50-90°C) and time (30-150 min) of processing on the extraction yield of EurycomaLongifolia (Tongkat Ali) roots in conventional thermal heating and microwave assisted extraction techniques. The extracted components from both heating techniques then dried using freeze drying method in order to quantitatively relate the yield to the processing parameters. The experimental results revealed that the processing parameters; particle size of sample, ratio of sample to solvent, temperature and time of extraction had significant effects on the extraction yield of EurycomaLongifolia roots. Moreover, microwave heating extraction produced a slightly higher yield (~1.2 % in average) and provided 10 times faster in heating-up the extraction mixture to the processing temperature compared to conventional thermal heating extraction.

scholarly journals Determination of Aromatic Amines in Soils

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M Pace ◽  
Joseph R Donnelly ◽  
Jeffrey L Jeter ◽  
William C Brumley ◽  
G Wayne Sovocool
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Uv Detection ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method with ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection was developed for parts-per-billion levels of aromatic amines in soils. 2,4-Diaminotoluene, pyridine, aniline, 2-pi-coline, 2-toluidine, 5-nitro-2-toluidine, 2-methyl-6-ethylaniline, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-nitroaniline, 1-naphthyl-amine, 2-methoxyaniline, and 2-naphthyiamine were tested. The method involves extraction by sonication with 1% ammonium hydroxide–acetonitrile and analysis by LC using gradient elution with aqueous 0.01 M ammonium acetate–0.0005% triethylamine and acetonitrile. Recoveries of 67–106% (9.2 and 34% for 1-and 2-naphthylamines, respectively) were obtained from sand and organic-containing soils spiked in the parts-per-million range. Recoveries from sand spiked at 8.5–25 ppb were 88–105%. Recoveries from organic soil varied from nondetectable to 86% at spikes of 85–500 ppb. Detection limits ranged from 0.5 ppb for highly fluorescent 2-naphthyiamine (by fluorescence detection) to 0.5 ppm for nonfluorescing pyridines (by UV detection).

Salt Antagonism of Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Cation ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Glyphosate is often applied with diammonium sulfate to increase weed control. However, many other salts in the spray carrier have antagonized glyphosate phytotoxicity. Research was conducted with wheat as a bioassay species to further determine the influence of various salts on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Cation antagonism of glyphosate occurred with iron > zinc > calcium ≥ magnesium > sodium > potassium. Ammonium cation with hydroxide or most other anions was not antagonistic. Anions of ammonium compounds were of primary importance in overcoming glyphosate antagonistic salts, while the ammonium cation was neutral or slightly stimulatory with certain anions. Sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and acetate anions were not antagonistic, but nitrate and chloride anions were slightly antagonistic when applied as ammonium salts or acids. Antagonism of glyphosate action by sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride was overcome by phosphoric, sulfuric, and citric acid and phosphate, sulfate, and citrate ammonium salts. Acid and ammonium salts of nitrate and chloride were more effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate than calcium chloride antagonists of glyphosate. Ferric sulfate antagonism was overcome only by citric, partly by phosphoric and sulfuric but not by nitric and hydrochloric acids or their ammonium salts. Acetic acid, ammonium acetate, and ammonium hydroxide did not overcome any salt antagonism of glyphosate. Glyphosate response to salts was independent of spray carrier pH.

The Effect of Ammonium Salts on Cerebral and Hind-Limb Consumption of Oxygen and Glucose in the Ventilated Dog

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. James ◽  
M. Garassini ◽  
E. Larbi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Cerebral Oxygen ◽  
Cerebral Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Similar Decrease

1. Ammonium acetate (13 mmol) was injected intravenously over 10 min into fourteen dogs. This consistently caused a transient depression in both cerebral and limb oxygen consumption. 2. An equivalent dose of ammonium chloride given to five dogs caused a similar decrease but ammonium hydroxide caused a slight increase. 3. The decreased cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow caused by ammonium acetate infusion was abolished by simultaneous intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate (five dogs). Sodium chloride did not abolish it. Bicarbonate alone did not alter oxygen consumption or blood flow.

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