scholarly journals Synthesis of Iron(II)–N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Paving the Way for a New Class of Antibiotics

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina S. Vinagreiro ◽  
Rita Lopes ◽  
Beatriz Royo ◽  
Gabriela Jorge Da Silva ◽  
Mariette M. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Iron Complex ◽  
World Health ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Direct Reaction ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
New Class ◽  
Structural Modulation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Way

The synthesis and structural modulation of five pro-ligand salts was achieved using alternative sustainable synthetic strategies, the use of microwaves being the method of choice, with an 81% yield and an E factor of 43 for 3d. After complexation with Fe3(CO)12 by direct reaction with the appropriate pro-ligands at 130 °C, a set of iron(II) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were isolated and fully characterized (via 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis). The antibacterial activities of the iron(II)-NHC complexes were tested against standard World Health Organization priority bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The results showed a significant effect of the Fe(II)-NHC side-chain on the antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Among all compounds, the most lipophilic iron complex, 3b, was found to be the most active one, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 µg/mL. Pioneering mechanistic studies suggested an alternative mechanism of action (OH· formation), which opens the way for the development of a new class of antibiotics.

scholarly journals ANTHROPOLOGY, DOTS AND UNDERSTANDING TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL IN NEPAL

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN HARPER
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Tuberculosis Programme ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Research To Policy ◽  
The Way

This paper argues for the inclusion of ethnography as a research methodology for understanding the effects of public health policy. To do this, the implementation of DOTS (Directly Observed Therapy, Short-course) – the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribed policy for the control of the infectious disease tuberculosis – is explored in the context of Nepal. A brief history of DOTS and its implementation in Nepal is outlined, and the way it has been represented by those within the Nepal Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) is described. This is followed by an outline of the research done in relation to this, and the ethnographic methods used. These ethnographic data are then interpreted and analysed in relation to two specific areas of concern. Firstly, the effects around the epidemiological uses of ‘cases’ is explored; it is argued that a tightening of the definitional categories so necessary for the programme to be stabilized for comparative purposes has profound material effects in marginalizing some from treatment. Secondly, the paper examines some of the implications and effects relating to the way that the ‘directly observed’ component was implemented. The discussion explores how current debate on DOTS has been played out in some medical journals. It argues for the importance of ethnography as a method for understanding certain questions that cannot be answered by particular, and increasingly dominant, research ideologies informed by randomized controlled trials. This raises important issues about the nature of ‘evidence’ in debates on the relationship of research to policy.

scholarly journals Michael Elliott CBE. 30 September 1924 — 17 October 2007

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
World Health ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
New Class ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Food

Michael Elliott was the leader of work at Rothamsted that invented and subsequently commercially developed the pyrethroids, a new class of insecticides. Michael made probably the greatest individual contribution to the control of insect pests that not only constrain global food production but also affect the health of ourselves and our livestock. In one of the first pioneering structure–activity relationship studies, Michael led the multidisciplinary team that invented the major pyrethroid insecticides bioresmethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In the 1980s these represented two-thirds of the global pyrethroid market; at that time pyrethroids captured more than 25% of the total insecticide market and were used on 33 million hectares of crops (Wirtz et al . 2009). In 2002 deltamethrin was the world's largest-selling pyrethroid, with annual sales worth $208 million (information from Cropnosis Ltd). In terms of human health, in 2009 it was estimated that pyrethroid-treated bednets significantly decreased the number of deaths due to malaria among children under five years of age by about one-fifth as well as reducing all incidents of malaria, and in 2011 the World Health Organization recommended its vastly expanded use. Reference Wirtz, K., Bala, S., Amann, A. & Elbert, A. 2009 A promise extended—future roles of pyrethroids in agriculture. Bayer CropSci. J. 62 , 145–158.

Arsenic-hypertolerant and arsenic-reducing bacteria isolated from wells in Tucumán, Argentina

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 876-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Maizel ◽  
Pilar Balverdi ◽  
Barry Rosen ◽  
Adriana M. Sales ◽  
Marcela A. Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Anions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
The Village

Arsenic-hypertolerant bacteria were isolated from arsenic-contaminated well water from the village of Los Pereyra in Tucumán province, Argentina. Microorganisms that biotransform arsenic are a major factor in arsenic mobilization in contaminated aquifers. Groundwater analyses showed a level of arsenic contamination (mean concentration of 978 μg·L−1) that exceeds the safe drinking water limit of 10 μg·L−1recommended by the World Health Organization and the Argentine Food Code. There was considerable spatial variability in the concentration of arsenic in each of the wells analyzed and in the distribution of the major anions HCO3–, SO42–, and Cl–. Eighteen bacterial strains were characterized. Six strains belonging to the Actinobacteria phylum were able to grow in media with 20 mmol·L–1As(III) or 200 mmol·L–1As(V) and were also highly resistant to Cr, Cd, and Cu. Their ability to biotransform arsenic was examined by speciation of the products by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, two strains, Brevibacterium sp. strain AE038-4 and Microbacterium sp. strain AE038-20, were capable of aerobic arsenate reduction, which suggests that these strains could increase the mobility of arsenic by formation of more mobile As(III).

scholarly journals Bacterial Diversity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Sparus aurata from Aquaculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Vanessa Salgueiro ◽  
Vera Manageiro ◽  
Narcisa M. Bandarra ◽  
Lígia Reis ◽  
Eugénia Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Skin Samples

In a world where the population continues to increase and the volume of fishing catches stagnates or even falls, the aquaculture sector has great growth potential. This study aimed to contribute to the depth of knowledge of the diversity of bacterial species found in Sparus aurata collected from a fish farm and to understand which profiles of diminished susceptibility to antibiotics would be found in these bacteria that might be disseminated in the environment. One hundred thirty-six bacterial strains were recovered from the S. aurata samples. These strains belonged to Bacillaceae, Bacillales Family XII. Incertae Sedis, Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, Erwiniaceae, Micrococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Staphylococcaceae families. Enterobacter sp. was more frequently found in gills, intestine and skin groups than in muscle groups (p ≤ 0.01). Antibiotic susceptibility tests found that non-susceptibility to phenicols was significantly higher in gills, intestine and skin samples (45%) than in muscle samples (24%) (p ≤ 0.01) and was the most frequently found non-susceptibility in both groups of samples. The group of Enterobacteriaceae from muscles presented less decreased susceptibility to florfenicol (44%) than in the group of gills, intestine and skin samples (76%). We found decreased susceptibilities to β-lactams and glycopeptides in the Bacillaceae family, to quinolones and mupirocin in the Staphylococcaceae family, and mostly to β-lactams, phenicols and quinolones in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae families. Seven Enterobacter spp. and five Pseudomonas spp. strains showed non-susceptibility to ertapenem and meropenem, respectively, which is of concern because they are antibiotics used as a last resort in serious clinical infections. To our knowledge, this is the first description of species Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Klebsiella michiganensis, Lelliottia sp. and Pantoea vagans associated with S. aurata (excluding cases where these bacteria are used as probiotics) and of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnrB19-producing Leclercia adecarboxylata strain. The non-synonymous G385T and C402A mutations at parC gene (within quinolone resistance-determining regions) were also identified in a Klebsiella pneumoniae, revealing decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. In this study, we found not only bacteria from the natural microbiota of fish but also pathogenic bacteria associated with fish and humans. Several antibiotics for which decreased susceptibility was found here are integrated into the World Health Organization list of “critically important antimicrobials” and “highly important antimicrobials” for human medicine.

scholarly journals Trauma from abuse, suggestibility and EMDR

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Romana Ficorilli
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

One of the most complete definitions of Trauma describes it as an "extreme, unsustainable and inevitable threatening experience, in the face of which the individual experiences a sense of helplessness", an event outside the range of usual human experiences, which overwhelm the normal human capacity for adaptation. A modern and current understanding of the concept of Trauma occurs with Bowlby, which places it for the first time in a "relational" context. He argues that the way people react in adverse life situations, particularly to a traumatic event, depends on the type of attachment that has been established between the child and his attachment figures (AFs). The concept of "child abuse and neglect" includes different forms of violence against children, ranging from verbal abuse to rape. Law 66 of 15 February 1996 introduced specific rules on child sexual abuse, in particular the way of listening to children in order to collect good testimony. The theory that today represents the point of reference for most research on the accuracy of memory in testimony, considers memory a "reconstructive" process, and is the result of the interaction between interpretation that is given by the subject in the coding phase, recovery of clues based on the general knowledge possessed by the subject and the context in which it is in the moment in which it must remember. Loftus' studies on false memories affirm that eye witnessing, however bona fide it may be, can be completely unreliable because there are many distortions of memory. The problem of suggestibility in memory is not so much that the momentary account can be modified, but that a distortion of the original episode of what is represented in memory of the event in question takes place, which, from that moment on, will be irreversibly modified. The therapeutic crisis support is the first phase of the therapeutic work following the abuse and has as its privileged recipients the victim and the adult who takes care of them. Currently, a trauma-focused therapy such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), an evidence-based psychotherapy approach, is used, recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the elective therapy for the treatment of PTSD and several psychopathologies related to traumatic events, including sexual abuse. Not only because the victims of abuse could in turn perpetrate the cycle of abuse, but also so that victimisation is not considered an unchangeable characteristic of the person.

The Long and Difficult Road to Alma-Ata: A Personal Reflection

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Socrates Litsios
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Personal Reflection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Difficult Road ◽  
The Way

This account of the events leading up to the Alma-Ata Conference in September 1978 (covering the years 1970 to 1978) is based on the author's recollections and his recent research of World Health Organization documents. The author builds his story around four themes: why the Soviets, in particular, wanted the conference; why the new WHO director-general did not; the time and energy lost by holding the conference; and what might have happened if it had not been held. The story involves not only people and their political and health ideologies but also reflections on the continuing question of how best to improve the health of communities. The account reveals how Alma-Ata constrained attempts by the new leadership of WHO to transform the way in which the organization fulfilled its international health responsibilities.

scholarly journals Twin Mammals and COVID-19: Life and Science of the Suspects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser A. Anjum
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Way

The world is puzzling over the origin of the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that is caused by a novel coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV). As of 25th March 2020, the World Health Organization has reported 4,14,179 confirmed cases and 18,440 confirmed deaths in total due to COVID-19. To this end, two unique mammals namely bats and pangolins are being investigated for their potential link to COVID-19. However, the evidence so far gathered in this context is far from clear. This paper aimed to: (i) enlighten the major aspects of life of bats and pangolins; (ii) briefly discusses their potential link to COVID-19; and also (iii) to highlight the way forward. The outcomes may contribute to future research on the subject.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way people recreate outdoors: Preliminary report on a national survey of outdoor enthusiasts amid the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Rice ◽  
Caleb Meyer ◽  
Ben Lawhon ◽  
B. Derrick Taff ◽  
Tim Mateer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Natural World ◽  
World Health ◽  
State University ◽  
Leave No Trace ◽  
Academic Partner ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Recreation Use ◽  
The Way

On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The pandemic is rapidly altering daily life and leading to changes in the way we spend time outside. In an effort to gather timely and relevant data on national recreation patterns, before, during, and after the pandemic, the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics worked quickly with its academic partner, Pennsylvania State University, to offer guidance to land managers, recreation providers, and outdoor enthusiasts across the country. In total, 1,012 outdoor recreationists were surveyed through the Leave No Trace community in a 48-hour window beginning on the morning of April 9th. Our hope is that the results of this rapid assessment will provide valuable information for managing the changing recreation use of public lands, predicting spikes in recreation, and offering insight for land managers as they work to protect the natural world. The following tables, figures, and corresponding brief descriptions are intended to provide initial results of this research effort. Further results are forthcoming.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemics: Effects and Prevention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aborode ◽  
Kubeyinje Winner ◽  
Oni Ebenezer Ayomide
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
New Class ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

A new class of corona virus, known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has been found to be responsible for occurrence of this disease. As far as the history of human civilization is concerned there are instances of severe outbreaks of diseases caused by a number of viruses. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO as of June 5, 2020), the current pandemic of COVID-19 has affected 6,749,371 people, 3,277, 596 recovered and killed 394,527 people in 215 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effective against COVID-19. It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of the disease by testing and treating patients, quarantining suspected persons through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock down etc. This paper describes the effects of COVID-19 on society and global environment, and the possible ways in which the disease can be prevented or controlled.

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