scholarly journals Glycosylated-Chitosan Derivatives: A Systematic Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Sacco ◽  
Michela Cok ◽  
Francesca Scognamiglio ◽  
Chiara Pizzolitto ◽  
Federica Vecchies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Chitosan Derivatives ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Biomedical Field

Chitosan derivatives, and more specifically, glycosylated derivatives, are nowadays attracting much attention within the scientific community due to the fact that this set of engineered polysaccharides finds application in different sectors, spanning from food to the biomedical field. Overcoming chitosan (physical) limitations or grafting biological relevant molecules, to mention a few, represent two cardinal strategies to modify parent biopolymer; thereby, synthetizing high added value polysaccharides. The present review is focused on the introduction of oligosaccharide side chains on the backbone of chitosan. The synthetic aspects and the effect on physical-chemical properties of such modifications are discussed. Finally, examples of potential applications in biomaterials design and drug delivery of these novel modified chitosans are disclosed.

scholarly journals Concepts for Developing Physical Gels of Chitosan and of Chitosan Derivatives

Gels ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Sacco ◽  
Franco Furlani ◽  
Gaia de Marzo ◽  
Eleonora Marsich ◽  
Sergio Paoletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Chitosan Derivatives ◽  
Modified Chitosan ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Degree Of Acetylation ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
Biomedical Field

Chitosan macro- and micro/nano-gels have gained increasing attention in recent years, especially in the biomedical field, given the well-documented low toxicity, degradability, and non-immunogenicity of this unique biopolymer. In this review we aim at recapitulating the recent gelling concepts for developing chitosan-based physical gels. Specifically, we describe how nowadays it is relatively simple to prepare networks endowed with different sizes and shapes simply by exploiting physical interactions, namely (i) hydrophobic effects and hydrogen bonds—mostly governed by chitosan chemical composition—and (ii) electrostatic interactions, mainly ensured by physical/chemical chitosan features, such as the degree of acetylation and molecular weight, and external parameters, such as pH and ionic strength. Particular emphasis is dedicated to potential applications of this set of materials, especially in tissue engineering and drug delivery sectors. Lastly, we report on chitosan derivatives and their ability to form gels. Additionally, we discuss the recent findings on a lactose-modified chitosan named Chitlac, which has proved to form attractive gels both at the macro- and at the nano-scale.

scholarly journals Electrospinning: A promising technique for drug delivery systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 441-454
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Martínez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Extrinsic Factor ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Final System ◽  
Intense Research

AbstractIn the last years, electrospinning has become a technique of intense research to design and fabricate drug delivery systems (DDS), during this time a vast variety of DDS with mainly electrospun polymers and many different active ingredient(s) have been developed, many intrinsic and extrinsic factor have influence in the final system, there are those that can be attributed to the equipment set up and that to the physical-chemical properties of the used materials in the fabrication of DDS. After all, this intense research has generated a great amount of DDS loaded with one or more drugs. In this manuscript a review with the highlights of different kind of systems for drug delivery systems is presented, it includes the basic concepts of electrospinning, types of equipment set up, polymer/drug systems, limitations and challenges that need to be overcome for clinical applications.

Advances and potential applications of chitosan derivatives as mucoadhesive biomaterials in modern drug delivery

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1021-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Chopra ◽  
Saiqa Mahdi ◽  
Jasjeet Kaur ◽  
Zeenat Iqbal ◽  
Sushma Talegaonkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Chitosan Derivatives ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Potential Applications

scholarly journals Novichoks: The Dangerous Fourth Generation of Chemical Weapons

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanos Franca ◽  
Daniel Kitagawa ◽  
Samir Cavalcante ◽  
Jorge da Silva ◽  
Eugenie Nepovimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Physical Chemical

“Novichoks” is the name given to the controversial chemical weapons supposedly developed in the former Soviet Union between the 1970s and the 1990s. Designed to be undetectable and untreatable, these chemicals became the most toxic of the nerve agents, being very attractive for both terrorist and chemical warfare purposes. However, very little information is available in the literature, and the Russian government did not acknowledge their development. The intent of this review is to provide the IJMS readers with a general overview on what is known about novichoks today. We briefly tell the story of the secret development of these agents, and discuss their synthesis, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, and possible ways of treatment and neutralization. In addition, we also wish to call the attention of the scientific community to the great risks still represented by nerve agents worldwide, and the need to keep constant investments in the development of antidotes and ways to protect against such deadly compounds.

scholarly journals 4D Printing: Materials, Technologies, and Future Applications in the Biomedical Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10628
Author(s):  
Ankur Bajpai ◽  
Anna Baigent ◽  
Sakshika Raghav ◽  
Conchúr Ó. Brádaigh ◽  
Vasileios Koutsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Artificial Organs ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Aerospace Manufacturing ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Biomedical Field ◽  
Research Investments

4D printing can be defined as the fabrication of structures using smart materials that allow the final object to change its shape, properties, or function in response to an external stimulus such as light, heat, or moisture. The available technologies, materials, and applications have evolved significantly since their first development in 2013, with prospective applications within the aerospace, manufacturing, and soft robotic industries. This review focuses on the printing technologies and smart materials currently available for fabricating these structures. The applications of 4D printing within biomedicine are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and artificial organs. Finally, some ideas for potential uses are proposed. 4D printing is making its mark with seemingly unlimited potential applications, however, its use in mainstream medical treatments relies on further developments and extensive research investments.

scholarly journals Characterization of residual biomass from the harvest of Eucalyptus saligna for thermal conversion processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e13
Author(s):  
Joyce Helena da Silveira ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Thomé Dorneles ◽  
Victor Hugo Andreis Sebben ◽  
Fabiano Perin Gasparin ◽  
Lúcia Allebrandt da Silva Ries
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

Considering the increasing need for renewable products, the present work aims to evaluate the physical-chemical properties of the eucalyptus harvest residues and its constituent fractions individually (barks, leaves, and branches), through proximate, ultimate, energetic and thermal analyzes. The biomass studied was Eucalyptus saligna species, cultivated mainly for the production of pulp and paper. The proximate analysis of the residue resulted in the moisture content of 10.1%, ash content of 3.9%, volatile materials about 81.1%, and fixed carbon of 15.0%, showing similar values to the constituent fractions. The ultimate analysis of the residue resulted in 46.5% of carbon content, 5.8% of hydrogen, and 43.2% of oxygen. The high heating value (HHV) for the residue is 17.93 MJ/kg, comparable to other biomasses of importance, including eucalyptus wood, the noblest part of the forest cultivation. The thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out and the resulting thermograms show three main ranges of biomass degradation. The first range, from 30 to 150 °C, corresponds to the drying of the material; in the range from 200 to 325 °C hemicelluloses degrade, with partial degradation of lignin and cellulose, and in the range from 325 to 380 °C, the majority of cellulose degradation takes place. The physical-chemical data demonstrate that the eucalyptus residue is an excellent source of biomass for thermal conversion processes. Obtaining products with higher added value from this residue contributes to the implementation of new technological practices that link economic development to environmental responsibility.

scholarly journals Reconstituted epithelial corneal tissues for evaluation of drug delivery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susi Burgalassi ◽  
Erica Zucchetti ◽  
Eleonora Terreni ◽  
Daniela Monti ◽  
Silvia Tampucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ocular Drug Delivery ◽  
Timolol Maleate ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
Physical Chemical

One possible approach to reduce the use of animals in the evaluation of the ocular drug delivery is that to use cell cultures as model of tissues. In this study are compared two different reconstituted epithelial corneal tissues, a homemade artificial corneal epithelium (Reconstituted Rabbit Corneal Epithelium) and a commercial human corneal epithelial model (COR-100 EpiCornealTM, MatTek), for permeation experiments of three drugs with different physical chemical properties: timolol maleate, cyclosporin A, and a newly synthesized compound, MAGL 17.b. The collected data show that corneal epithelial models are not sufficient to simulate the complexity of the corneal barrier and the presence of a layer simulating the stroma may be necessary to approach the structure of native cornea.

Nanocomposite Microcapsules from Powders of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Smectite Clays

2010 ◽  
Vol 660-661 ◽  
pp. 794-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Graças da Silva-Valenzuela ◽  
Shu Hui Wang ◽  
Helio Wiebeck ◽  
Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Powder Form ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Mineral Particles ◽  
Smectite Clays ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Cloisite 20A

Drug delivery systems involving microcapsules provide an attractive way to improve the performance of many chemical and biological substances. These systems may be used for several industrial segments, especially medical, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. PHB is a polyhydroxyalkanoate available in powder form, biocompatible, biodegradable and inert towards animal tissues. The obtained PHB/smectite clay nanocomposite improved the physical-chemical properties of PHB, including its biodegradability. In this work, we describe the preparation of microcapsules from two nanocomposites systems: a) PHB and Cloisite 20A organoclay (PHB1) and b) PHB and natural Brazilian green policationic clay (PHB2). When analyzed by XRD, the films and microcapsules did not show a d(001) peak, demonstrating an exfoliated structure for the nanocomposites. The films have shown by SEM an homogeneous distribution with the clay mineral particles spread homogeneously by the PHB film. The new microcapsules/nanocomposites showed an “hydrangea” morphology. The diameter of the microcapsules was variable between 0.5-15 µm.

scholarly journals The role of hollow magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (43) ◽  
pp. 25094-25106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani ◽  
Masoumeh Malmir ◽  
Negar Lashgari ◽  
Alireza Badiei
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Biomedical Field

The increasing number of scientific publications focusing on nanomaterials in the biomedical field indicates growing interest from the broader scientific community.

scholarly journals The Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Chitosan in Dental Sciences: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1621-1626
Author(s):  
Gopi Chander N
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Tissue Replacement ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Reactive Groups ◽  
Potential Applications

Chitosan is significant and more promising biomaterial. It is a commonly available polysaccharide and easy to synthesis: the structure and the reactive groups of chitosan aid in obtaining an extended modification of chitosan for various applications. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan are significant, among them the antimicrobial, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic are of importance. Earlier it was widely used for industrial applications. The superior biological properties, along with other advantages, has enhanced the applications in biomedical and dentistry. It is widely used for bone regeneration, tissue replacement, drug delivery, wound healing, anti-plaque, anti-cariogenic and modifying of dental materials to obtain better properties. Mostly the studies are in primitive research. More studies are to be done to obtain the best advantages of the material. The understanding of the material and its usage are useful for extended for further developments. This review provides information on chitosan on material, properties, synthesis and applications.

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