scholarly journals Changes in Cuticle Components and Morphology of ‘Satsuma’ Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) during Ambient Storage and Their Potential Role on Penicillium digitatum Infection

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenghua Ding ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Lvzhu Yang ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Fuhua Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Ambient Storage

To elucidate the role of fruit cuticle in fungal infection, changes in cuticle composition and morphology of ‘Satsuma’ mandarin during ambient (at 25 °C) storage and their role in Penicillium digitatum infection were investigated. Results showed that the epicuticular wax yield increased from 1.11 μg cm−2 to 4.21 μg cm−2 during storage for 20 days and then decreased to 1.35 μg cm−2 as storage time prolonged to 40 days. Intracuticular wax content of fruits stored for 20 days showed a peak value that was 1.7-fold higher than that of fruits stored for 40 days. The contents of cutin monomers of fruits showed a decreased trend during storage, while their proportions in the cutin stayed stable. Acids were identified as the most abundant components in epicuticular wax independently of the storage time, followed by alkanes and terpenoids. Terpenoids were found as the predominant components in intracuticular wax during the whole storage, followed by alkanes and acids. The flattened platelets crystals of fruits at harvest changed into small granule-like wax ones after 10 days of storage then gradually distributed across the surface of the fruits as stored for 40 days. Results of in vitro tests showed that mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum could be promoted by epicuticular wax and conidial germination could be inhibited by cutin at different storage stages. These results shed new light on the chemical basis for cuticle involvement in fungal infection.

scholarly journals Polyphenols: From Theory to Practice

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2595
Author(s):  
Alberto Bertelli ◽  
Marco Biagi ◽  
Maddalena Corsini ◽  
Giulia Baini ◽  
Giorgio Cappellucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Effect ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Gender Characteristics

Background: The importance of polyphenols in human health is well known; these compounds are common in foods, such as fruits, vegetables, spices, extra virgin olive oil and wine. On the other hand, the different factors that modulate the biological activity of these compounds are less well known. Conceptualization of the work: In this review we took into account about 200 relevant and recent papers on the following topics: “polyphenols bioavailability”, “polyphenols matrix effect”, “food matrix effect”, “polyphenols-cytochromes interaction”, after having reviewed and updated information on chemical classification and main biological properties of polyphenols, such as the antioxidant, anti-radical and anti-inflammatory activity, together with the tricky link between in vitro tests and clinical trials. Key findings: the issue of polyphenols bioavailability and matrix effect should be better taken into account when health claims are referred to polyphenols, thus considering the matrix effect, enzymatic interactions, reactions with other foods or genetic or gender characteristics that could interfere. We also discovered that in vitro studies often underrate the role of phytocomplexes and thus we provided practical hints to describe a clearer way to approach an investigation on polyphenols for a more resounding transfer to their use in medicine.

Comparative Effects of Platelet Suppressant Drugs on Platelet Survival Time

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Genton ◽  
J. Ellis ◽  
P. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Valvular Heart Disease ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Drug Effect ◽  
Platelet Reactivity ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Platelet Survival

The important role of platelets in thrombosis makes inhibitors of their reactivity potentially useful therapeutically. A number of laboratory tests have been identified which measure platelet reactivity, but it is not clear which test and which drug effect will correlate with thrombosis and thrombosis prevention. Platelet survival (SURV) correlates with thromboembolism in patients with valvular heart disease and is shortened in several other diseases. Therefore, it is of interest to identify drugs which prolong shortened SURV. Patients with arterial and venous thromboembolism and shortened SURV (51Chromium) were treated with platelet suppressants and restudied after 12 weeks. Sulfinpyrazone prolonged SURV(2.4±.04 to 3.1 ±.06 days; p < 0.001; n = 94; average ± SEM; normal, 3.7±.04 days) and 68 (72%) had some prolongation and 39 (42%) had normalization (> 3.3 days). Dipyridamole (100 mg qd) combined with aspirin (1200 mg qd) prolonged SURV (2.6±.11 to 3.2±0.12 days; p < 0.001; n = 13) and 9 of 13 (69%) had prolongation and 6 (46%) had normalization. Clofibrate altered SURV (2.6±.09 to 3.4±.14days;p < 0.001; n = 12) and 10 of 12 (83% ) had prolongation and normalization occurred in 6 (50%). Aspirin (1200 mg qd), cyproheptadine (32 mg qd) and propranolol (160 mg qd) failed to alter SURV.Thus, of drugs which alter in vitro tests of platelet reactivity, only sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole and clofibrate improve shortened SURV.

scholarly journals In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Díez-Quijada ◽  
Ana I. Prieto ◽  
María Puerto ◽  
Ángeles Jos ◽  
Ana M. Cameán
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Kinase Assay ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mutation Assay ◽  
Mouse Lymphoma

The co-occurrence of various cyanobacterial toxins can potentially induce toxic effects different than those observed for single cyanotoxins, as interaction phenomena cannot be discarded. Moreover, mixtures are a more probable exposure scenario. However, toxicological information on the topic is still scarce. Taking into account the important role of mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the risk evaluation framework, the objective of this study was to assess the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of mixtures of two of the most relevant cyanotoxins, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), using the battery of in vitro tests recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for food contaminants. Mixtures of 1:10 CYN/MC-LR (CYN concentration in the range 0.04–2.5 µg/mL) were used to perform the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium, the mammalian cell micronucleus (MN) test and the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA) on L5178YTk± cells, while Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. The exposure periods ranged between 4 and 72 h depending on the assay. The genotoxicity of the mixture was observed only in the MN test with S9 metabolic fraction, similar to the results previously reported for CYN individually. These results indicate that cyanobacterial mixtures require a specific (geno)toxicity evaluation as their effects cannot be extrapolated from those of the individual cyanotoxins.

In vitro evaluation of a novel ketolide antimicrobial agent, RU-64004.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Jamjian ◽  
D J Biedenbach ◽  
R N Jones
Keyword(s):  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Ketolides, a novel macrolide subclass, possess a mode of action that is similar to that of structurally related macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) compounds. By using reference in vitro tests, the in vitro activity of RU-64004 was compared to those of six other MLS compounds against more than 800 clinical pathogens, including 356 gram-positive organisms. The spectrum of activity of the ketolide was most similar to that of clindamycin versus staphylococci and streptococci and superior to those of all macrolides tested against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant (vanA, vanB, and vanC) enterococcal isolates. The activity of the ketolide was greater than those of the macrolides, azalides, or clindamycin tested against vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited [MIC90S], 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml), penicillin-resistant pneumococci (MIC90, 0.25 micrograms/ml), and most beta-hemolytic streptococci. All Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-hemolytic streptococcus strain were inhibited by ketolide concentrations of < or = 0.25 micrograms/ml. Against 165 erythromycin-resistant strains, RU-64004 inhibited (MICs, < or = 0.5 micrograms/ml) approximately one-third of staphylococci, all streptococci, and slightly more than one-half of the enterococci. Quinupristin-dalfopristin (a streptogramin combination) was active against all tested isolates with the exception of non-Enterococcus faecium enterococci, against which the ketolide exhibited greater potency (MIC50S, 0.03 to 2 micrograms/ml). The ketolide was also active against Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90, 2 micrograms/ml), Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC90, 0.12 micrograms/ml), pathogenic Neisseria spp. (MIC90, 0.5 micrograms/ml), and many gram-positive anaerobes (MIC90, 0.5 micrograms/ml). RU-64004 may enhance the role of macrolide drugs in the treatment of some serious infections caused by MLS-resistant gram-positive organisms.

The Detection of Reactive Metabolites Generated by the Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Fry ◽  
Michael J. Garle ◽  
Alison H. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Metabolites ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase System ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase System ◽  
Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Current Emphasis

It is recognised that the cytotoxicity of a number of xenobiotics is mediated through the production of reactive metabolites (1). Given this, and the current emphasis on the development of in vitro tests for assessment of xenobiotic cytotoxicity (2), it is of considerable interest to develop systems for the detection in vitro of cytotoxic reactive metabolites. Indeed, it would seem appropriate to employ a limited battery of tests for detection of xenobiotic-mediated cytotoxicity, some of which would be dedicated to assessment of the role of metabolism in such toxicity. The aim of this review is to identify and discuss the approaches currently being employed to this end, and to suggest some possible future trends.

scholarly journals Safety and fate of nanomaterials in food: The role of in vitro tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 593-607
Author(s):  
Miguel Xavier ◽  
Inês A. Parente ◽  
Patrícia M. Rodrigues ◽  
Miguel A. Cerqueira ◽  
Lorenzo Pastrana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Tests

scholarly journals Small RNA bidirectional crosstalk during the interaction between wheat andZymoseptoria tritici

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ma ◽  
Nicolas Bologna ◽  
Javier Palma-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Plant Infection ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Lower Expression

AbstractCross-kingdom RNAi has been shown to play important roles during plant pathogen interactions. But this cross-kingdom RNAi was still unexplored in the wheat-Zymoseptoria triticipathosystem. Here we performed a detailed analysis of the sRNA bidirectional crosstalk between wheat andZ.tritici. Using a combination of sRNA-seq and mRNA-seq we were able to identify known and novel sRNAs and study their expression and their action on putative targets in both wheat andZ.tritici. We predicted the target genes of all the sRNAs in either wheat orZ.triticitranscriptome and used degradome analysis to validate the cleavage of these gene transcripts. We could not find any clear evidence of a cross-kingdom RNAi in this pathosystem. We also found that the fungal sRNA enrichment was lowerin plantathan duringin vitrogrowth, probably due to the lower expression of the only Dicer gene of the fungus during plant infection. However, we found a downregulation of specific wheat sRNAs during the fungal infection, leading to a boost expression of wheat defense related genes, which may be enhancing the plant defense ability against the pathogen. Additionally, the fungal infection also induced sRNAs regulating the expression of specific wheat genes, including auxin related genes, as an immune response. These results confirm the role of sRNAs in the regulation of wheat defenses duringZ.triticiinfection. Our findings contribute to improve our understanding of the interactions between wheat andZ.tritici.

scholarly journals Functional and Pharmacological Analyses of the Role of Penicillium digitatum Proteases on Virulence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana-Rosa Ballester ◽  
Mario López-Pérez ◽  
Beatriz de la Fuente ◽  
Luis González-Candelas
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression

Penicillium digitatum is the major postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit under Mediterranean climate conditions. In the present work, we have addressed the study of the role of P. digitatum&rsquo;s proteases in virulence following two complementary approaches. In a first approach, we have undertaken the functional characterization of the P. digitatum prtT gene, which codes for a transcription factor previously shown to regulate extracellular proteases in other filamentous fungi. Deletion of prtT caused a significant loss in secreted protease activity during in vitro growth assays. However, there was no effect on virulence. Gene expression of the two major secreted acid proteases was barely affected in the &Delta;prtT deletant during infection of citrus fruit. Hence, no conclusion could be drawn on the role of these secreted acidic proteases on the virulence of P. digitatum. In a second approach, we have studied the effect of different protease inhibitors and chelators in virulence. Co-inoculation of citrus fruit with P. digitatum conidia and a cocktail of protease inhibitors resulted in almost a complete absence of disease development. Analysis of individual inhibitors revealed that the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline was responsible for the observed effect. The application of metal ions reverted the protective effect caused by the metallopeptidase inhibitor. These results may set the basis for the development of new alternative treatments to combat this important postharvest pathogen.

scholarly journals The Role of Measurement Uncertainty in Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) of In Vitro Tests

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 823-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison F. Smith ◽  
Mike Messenger ◽  
Peter Hall ◽  
Claire Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
In Vitro Tests

scholarly journals Functional and Pharmacological Analyses of the Role of Penicillium digitatum Proteases on Virulence

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana-Rosa Ballester ◽  
Mario López-Pérez ◽  
Beatriz de la Fuente ◽  
Luis González-Candelas
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression

Penicillium digitatum is the major postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit under Mediterranean climate conditions. Previous results have shown that proteases is the largest enzyme family induced by P. digitatum during fruit infection. In the present work, we addressed the study of the role of P. digitatum’s proteases in virulence following two complementary approaches. In the first approach, we undertook the functional characterization of the P. digitatum prtT gene, which codes for a putative transcription factor previously shown to regulate extracellular proteases in other filamentous fungi. Deletion of prtT caused a significant loss in secreted protease activity during in vitro growth assays. However, there was no effect on virulence. Gene expression of the two major secreted acid proteases was barely affected in the ΔprtT deletant during infection of citrus fruit. Hence, no conclusion could be drawn on the role of these secreted acidic proteases on the virulence of P. digitatum. In the second approach, we studied the effect of different protease inhibitors and chelators on virulence. Co-inoculation of citrus fruit with P. digitatum conidia and a cocktail of protease inhibitors resulted in almost a complete absence of disease development. Analysis of individual inhibitors revealed that the metalloprotease inhibitor, 1,10-phenanthroline, was responsible for the observed effect. The application of metal ions reverted the protective effect caused by the metallopeptidase inhibitor. These results may set the basis for the development of new alternative treatments to combat this important postharvest pathogen.

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