scholarly journals Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Compounds Predicted by Enzymatic Process Using Molecular Modelling and Observed in Soil Samples Through Analytical Techniques and Microbiological Analysis: A Comparison

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Cardozo ◽  
Joyce S. F. D. de Almeida ◽  
Samir F. de A. Cavalcante ◽  
Jacqueline R. S. Salgado ◽  
Arlan S. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Plate Cell

Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are chemicals widely used as pesticides in different applications such as agriculture and public health (vector control), and some of the highly toxic forms have been used as chemical weapons. After application of OPs in an environment, they persist for a period, suffering a degradation process where the biotic factors are considered the most relevant forms. However, to date, the biodegradation of OP compounds is not well understood. There are a plenty of structure-based biodegradation estimation methods, but none of them consider enzymatic interaction in predicting and better comprehending the differences in the fate of OPs in the environment. It is well known that enzymatic processes are the most relevant processes in biodegradation, and that hydrolysis is the main pathway in the natural elimination of OPs in soil samples. Due to this, we carried out theoretical studies in order to investigate the interactions of these OPs with a chosen enzyme—the phosphotriesterase. This one is characteristic of some soils’ microorganisms, and has been identified as a key player in many biodegradation processes, thanks to its capability for fast hydrolyzing of different OPs. In parallel, we conducted an experiment using native soil in two conditions, sterilized and not sterilized, spiked with specific amounts of two OPs with similar structure—paraoxon-ethyl (PXN) and O-(4-nitrophenyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonate (NEMP). The amount of OP present in the samples and the appearance of characteristic hydrolysis products were periodically monitored for 40 days using analytical techniques. Moreover, the number of microorganisms present was obtained with plate cell count. Our theoretical results were similar to what was achieved in experimental analysis. Parameters calculated by enzymatic hydrolysis were better for PXN than for NEMP. In soil, PXN suffered a faster hydrolysis than NEMP, and the cell count for PXN was higher than for NEMP, highlighting the higher microbiological toxicity of the latter. All these results pointed out that theoretical study can offer a better comprehension of the possible mechanisms involved in real biodegradation processes, showing potential in exploring how biodegradation of OPs relates with enzymatic interactions.

scholarly journals Researching of chemical and biological elements in No-Till agrotechnology

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
V. V. Nykyforov ◽  
V. Ya. Moklyak ◽  
O. V. Novokhatko ◽  
Yu. V. Ritchenko ◽  
A. B. Kulbachko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
The Impact

The richness of civilization is the soil which 99% of it produces food. There is more than 95% of the gene pool of living matter in the soil of planet. In modern conditions, there is a problem of rational use of soil as place for natural formations (edafotops) which are the most important components of biogeocenosis. The relevance of this work is that the soil as nutrient in the biosphere performs a unique function. The most important parameter is the fertility of the soil, which determines the basic properties of terrestrial ecosystems: efficient production and stability. Estimation of the main factors of fertilityed edafotop is a mandatory element of environmental monitoring. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of acidity and assessment of humus content in soil with sand and character changes on the number of microorganisms of major ecological-trophic groups and quantitative analysis of microalgae with typical chernozem processing and No-Till. Scientific novelty of results. For the first time the complex estimation of features humus formation in typical horizons layer was conducted and the dependence population of the complex microbial edafotop farm was installed on the territory farming systems of Semenivka district of Poltava region. For research were selected 17 soil samples in Semenivka district (Poltava region). The soil samples were selected in the localities which use standardized methods and techniques. The objects of study are samples chernozem typical from edafotop with different processing technology, in particular after making defekat sugar production, selected on the territory of the farm agrocenosis. Subject of research is dynamics of humus, microbiota and algae in soils that are traditionally handled by biotechnology and No-Till, and the impact a defekat of sugar production on the soil acidity. As a result of research settled the following tasks: 1) it was selected the samples of chernozem with varying technology soil processing; 2) it was estimated humus content by Tyurin (titrimetric) and acidity of soil samples by potentiometry; 3) it was investigated the feasibility of using a defekate after sugar production as fertilizer; 4) it was found the number of complex microbial studied soils; 5) it was set the factors in the formation of complex microbial soil; 6) it was set of environmental measures aimed at restoring of soil fertility. Soil samples were prepared for analysis by standard procedure. During the research was used a method of potentiometry to determine pH (degree of acidity of the soil solution). The concentration of humus titrimetric determined by using of chromium mixture and Mohr's salt (I. V. Tyurin method). Preliminary preparation of soil for microbiological analysis was performed by dispersing. For quantifying soil microorganisms was used the method of planting soil slurry into solid peptone-agarnutrient media and Zvyagintsev's scale. Statistical analysis of the results of research was carried out using MS Excel. The practical significance of the results is the scientific substantiation of ecological and economic profitability of introducing technology No-Till in Ukraine. This agrotechnology will preserve and restore the fertile layer of soil (improving its chemical, physical and biological properties, increasing content of organic matter in the soil), reduce or eliminate erosion of soil (no need to spend extra money to solve this problem), accumulate and retain the moisture in the soil, which in turn will reduce dependence the crop on climatic conditions and increase crop yields. It Is established that the use of No-Till system increased content humus, increased the number of microorganisms and soil microalgae, which can significantly affect the fertility of chernozem.

scholarly journals Impact of microbial preparations on the activity of rhizosphere and the productivity of oil flax under no-till

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.N. Melnichuk ◽  
◽  
A.A. Gongalo ◽  
A.Yu. Egovtseva ◽  
E.R. Abdurashytova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Nitrogen Fixers ◽  
No Till ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Direct Sowing

Microbial preparations improve mineral nutrition of plants, protect against phytopathogens, and increase their resistance to stress factors. The aim of our research is to study the effect of microbial preparations on the biological activity of rhizosphere and the productivity of oil flax under no-till in the Crimean Steppe. Microbiological analysis of the rhizosphere of oil flax showed that there is a tendency to increase the number of microorganisms of various ecological and trophic groups both under the conditions of the conventional farming system (CFS) and no-till when seeds are inoculated with a complex of microbial preparations (CMP). Under CFS, the number of microorganisms using mineral forms of nitrogen as nutrition increased by 28 %; pedotrophs – by 37 %; ammonifiers and oligotrophs increased under both farming systems. The total number of nitrogen fixers increased by 29 % under CFS as a result of biological preparations use, while under no-till there was only a trend towards increasing the amount of azotobacter. The number of actinomycetes increased under the influence of CMP by 50% under direct sowing; micromycetes decreased under both farming systems. The number of cellulose-degrading microorganisms increased by 18 and 27 % under no- till and CFS, respectively. The yield of oilseed flax under no-till was 0.11 t/ha (12.9 %) higher than under conventional farming system. On average, over three years (2017-2019), an increase in yield amounted to 0.12 t/ha (19%) due to the use of microbial preparations.

Functionalization of Graphene with O and S for Catalytic Degradation of Chlorophenols and Dyes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1019 ◽  
pp. 194-204
Author(s):  
S. Sudhaparimala ◽  
R. Usha
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Photocatalytic Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Doped Graphene ◽  
The Given ◽  
Graphene Structures

Graphene, functionalized with the heteroatoms like nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur atoms has been well explored for a wide range of applications but only few reports are available on its adsorption and photocatalytic application in the degradation of chlorophenols and organic dyes. A simple and energy-efficient process to prepare graphene oxide and sulphur doped graphene oxide was developed. The micro structure and surface morphology were confirmed by the analytical techniques of Powder X-ray diffractogram (PXRD), Fourier Transformed Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman), Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results were suggestive of the structures suitable for screening their catalytic activity in the degradation of the highly toxic polychlorophenols and organic dyes. The adsorption and photo catalytic properties of the asprepared samples were screened for the degradation process and it was found that sulphur doped graphene oxide showed more positive results for the degradation of chlorophenols than graphene oxide. Under the given experimental conditions the decoloration of dyes were not satisfactory. Ultimately, the study provided an economical and efficient, method for tuning graphene structures for the removal of pollutants in wastewater.

scholarly journals The Hygienic Quality of Raw Romanian Goat Milk Depending on the Milking Season

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Zorica VOŞGAN ◽  
Lucia MIHALESCU ◽  
Stela JELEA ◽  
Anca DUMUŢA ◽  
Flavia POP
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Goat Farm ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Production Period

The milk samples were yielded by manual milking from a goat farm that was maintained in extensive system, at monthly intervals during the production period (spring, summer, autumn). Goat milk from a traditional stall in the Maramures County, depending on the lactation period and the season has been analyzed in this study. The milk samples were collected aseptically and transported in laboratory for microbiological analysis. During springtime, when milking is done three times a day, and the amount of milk is higher, the total number of germs is 77.8×103 CFU/ml. A smaller number compared to the number of microorganisms recorded in the summer (97.3×103 CFU/ml) when milking is done twice a day and there are higher temperatures. During autumn, in the conditions of low milk production, at the end of the lactation period and when the samples are harvested only once a day, the number of microorganisms was 81.5×103 CFU /ml. Somatic cells from milk indicating an excess of the normal values especially towards the end of the lactation period. Particular attention should be paid to hygiene conditions when handling milk, to improve its quality. Thus, goat milk has a higher bacterial load (SPC) during summer, and SCC exceeds the recommended limits, especially in the autumn.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Sawmill Waste on the Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
J. A. Nnamdi ◽  
C. D. Onwukwe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
As Species ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Quality Analyzer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microbiological Properties

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sawmill wastes from selected sawmills in Port Harcourt on the environment. The physicochemical and microbiological features of the air at the sawmill sites were determined using air quality analyzer and settling plate technique respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for their physicochemical and microbiological properties. The study showed that of all the parameters monitored in the air samples at all the sampling sites, only noise level, volatile organic compounds and sulphur (IV) oxide exceeded the Federal Ministry of Environment limits. Results for microbiological analysis of air samples revealed that Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (THBC) ranged from 2.5 x 104 (CFU/m3) to 1.3 x 104 (CFU/m3) while Total Fungal Counts (TFC) ranged between 1.7 x 104 (CFU/m3) and 7.7 x 103 (CFU/m3). The bacteria present in the air samples were identified as species of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Providencia and Bacillus while the fungi were identified as species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus and Mucor. Results for microbiological analysis of soil samples revealed that THBC ranged from 2.06 x 106 (CFU/g) to 1.1 x 106 (CFU/g) while TFC ranged between 35 (CFU/g) and 1.4 x 102 (CFU/g). The bacterial isolates from the soil were identified as species of Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Aeromonas while the fungal isolates were identified as species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and candida. The soil physicochemical properties monitored (pH, nitrate, lead, copper arsenic and mercury) where all within normal limits. The study showed that there are inhalable chemical and biological agents in the air at sawmills at the study locations. Measures should be put in place at sawmills to prevent occupational exposure and the waste should be properly managed.

Long-Term Programme for Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean (MED POL)

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jeftic
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Data Quality Control ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Scientific Meetings

Long-term programme for pollution monitoring and research in the Mediterranean (MED POL) was adopted by the Mediterranean countries in 1981. Monitoring of the Mediterranean pollution in the framework of MED POL started in 1983 and at present 16 Mediterranean countries have on-going programmes and are submitting data. Through these programmes pollution is regularly monitored at hundreds of sampling stations. All national research centres involved in monitoring participate in the continuing programme of data quality control which includes intercalibration of sampling and analytical techniques. By the end of 1991, over 400 research projects have been implemented in the framework of MED POL by 150 institutes from 15 Mediterranean countries. Results gathered through the research component of MED POL were presented at numerous scientific meetings and were published in a large number of scientific papers. Data generated through MED POL are used as the basis for the analysis of the present “state of the health” of the Mediterranean and of the trends in pollution levels. They also provide scientific information needed for the formulation of common measures to control pollution. In-depth assessment studies, including concrete recommendations for measures to be taken by the Contracting Parties were completed for microbial pollution, mercury, cadmium, petroleum hydrocarbons, used lubricating oils, organotin compounds, organohalogen compounds, organophosphorus compounds, persistent synthetic materials, radioactive substances and pathogenic microorganisms. Similar assessment studies are being prepared on other subjects.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Phytochemical Assessment of Ficus asperifolia Linn. Infusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kolapo Ayoola Fasina ◽  
Titilayo O. Adesetan ◽  
Faithfulness Oseghale ◽  
Haneefat O. Egberongbe ◽  
O. O. Aghughu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Determinative Bacteriology ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Yoruba Language

Ficus asperifolia Linn. known as “Eepin” in Yoruba language, or sand paper tree, is a monoecious fig tree whose leaves, bark, seeds, and roots have been used locally in treating many infectious and noninfectious diseases. The study is aimed at investigating the bacteriological and phytochemical potential of Ficus asperifolia Linn. The roots of the plant were harvested and washed, and phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard analytical techniques. Infusion was aseptically prepared, and incubation for 24 hours and microbiological analysis were carried out using the pour plate method on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Nutrient Agar (NA). Microorganisms were subcultured and identified using morphological and biochemical tests according to “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.” Phytochemical analysis of the fresh and dry roots revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardenolides, and saponins, while anthraquinones and tannins were absent. Total heterotrophic bacteria count on PCA was 5.6×105 CFU/ml, while on NA, it was 2.3×105 CFU/ml, and four classes of bacteria were isolated including Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., and Bacillus sp. Although the presence of medicinal phytochemicals in F. asperifolia Linn. indicates strong potentials for its use in infusions, the presence of potential pathogens found in the infusions makes it unsafe for consumption.

COW MILK MICROBIAL CONTENT INFLUENCE ON NEUTROPHILS AND CD4+ MILK CELLS

2020 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
M. Atanasova ◽  
Y. Ivanov ◽  
T. Godjevargova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Mastitic Milk ◽  
Different Cell Types

The purpose of this research was to determine the total cell count and some pathogenic microorganisms in 105 milk samples. The somatic cell count (SCC) was significantly higher in mastitic milk samples compared to the uninfected glands and dirty milk samples. The total number of microorganisms (TBC) in dirty and mastitic milk was 5-20 times more than results in healthy milk samples. The influence of the selected pathogenic microorganisms on the number of somatic cells, neutrophils and CD4+ cells was studied. The obtained results were compared with those by a flow cytometer Guava easyCyteTM 8HT. The proportion of different cell types (neutrophils and CD4+ cells) has been shown to be influenced by the type of pathogens.

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