scholarly journals Various Patterns of Composition and Accumulation of Steroids and Triterpenoids in Cuticular Waxes from Screened Ericaceae and Caprifoliaceae Berries during Fruit Development

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyol Dashbaldan ◽  
Rafał Becker ◽  
Cezary Pączkowski ◽  
Anna Szakiel
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Trace Concentrations ◽  
Long Chain

Cuticular waxes are primarily composed of two classes of lipids: compounds derived from very-long-chain fatty acids and isoprenoids, particularly triterpenoids and steroids. Isoprenoids can occur in cuticular waxes in high amounts, dominating the mixture of aliphatic long-chain hydrocarbons, while in other plants they are found in trace concentrations. Triterpenoids occurring in fruit cuticular waxes are of interest due to their potential role in the protection against biotic stresses, including pathogen infections, and their impact on the mechanical toughness of the fruit surface, maintaining fruit integrity, and post-harvest quality. The aim of the present study was the determination of the changes in the triterpenoid profile of the fruit cuticular waxes of four plant species bearing edible berries: Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, and Arbutus unedo of the Ericaceae and the edible honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea of the Caprifoliaceae. Triterpenoids were identified and quantified by GC-MS/FID (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection) at three different phenological stages: young berries, berries at the onset of ripening, and mature berries. During fruit development and maturation, the triterpenoid content in cuticular waxes displayed species-specific patterns of changes. The steroid content seemed to be directly correlated with the developmental stage, with a very typical point of transition between growth and ripening being observed in all the fruit analyzed in this study.

scholarly journals Cuticular waxes of nectarines during fruit development in relation to surface conductance and susceptibility to Monilinia laxa

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5521-5537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Oliveira Lino ◽  
Bénédicte Quilot-Turion ◽  
Claire Dufour ◽  
Marie-Noëlle Corre ◽  
René Lessire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Surface Conductance ◽  
Monilinia Laxa ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract The cuticle is composed of cutin and cuticular waxes, and it is the first protective barrier to abiotic and biotic stresses in fruit. In this study, we analysed the composition of and changes in cuticular waxes during fruit development in nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars, in parallel with their conductance and their susceptibility to Monilinia laxa. The nectarine waxes were composed of triterpenoids, mostly ursolic and oleanolic acids, phytosterols, and very-long-chain aliphatics. In addition, we detected phenolic compounds that were esterified with sugars or with triterpenoids, which are newly described in cuticular waxes. We quantified 42 compounds and found that they changed markedly during fruit development, with an intense accumulation of triterpenoids during initial fruit growth followed by their decrease at the end of endocarp lignification and a final increase in very-long-chain alkanes and hydroxylated triterpenoids until maturity. The surface conductance and susceptibility to Monilinia decreased sharply at the beginning of endocarp lignification, suggesting that triterpenoid deposition could play a major role in regulating fruit permeability and susceptibility to brown rot. Our results provide new insights into the composition of cuticular waxes of nectarines and their changes during fruit development, opening new avenues of research to explore brown rot resistance factors in stone fruit.

scholarly journals Variations in Triterpenoid Deposition in Cuticular Waxes during Development and Maturation of Selected Fruits of Rosaceae Family

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9762
Author(s):  
Soyol Dashbaldan ◽  
Cezary Pączkowski ◽  
Anna Szakiel
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Rosa Rugosa ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Black Chokeberry ◽  
Rosaceae Family ◽  
Fruit Surface

The process of fruit ripening involves many chemical changes occurring not only in the mesocarp but also in the epicarp, including changes in the triterpenoid content of fruit cuticular waxes that can modify the susceptibility to pathogens and mechanical properties of the fruit surface. The aim of the study was the determination of the ripening-related changes in the triterpenoid content of fruit cuticular waxes of three plant species from the Rosaceae family, including rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa var. “Galicjanka”) and apple (Malus domestica var. “Antonovka”). The triterpenoid and steroid content in chloroform-soluble cuticular waxes was determined by a GC-MS/FID method at four different phenological stages. The profile of identified compounds was rather similar in selected fruit samples with triterpenoids with ursane-, oleanane- and lupane-type carbon skeletons, prevalence of ursolic acid and the composition of steroids. Increasing accumulation of triterpenoids and steroids, as well as the progressive enrichment of the composition of these compounds in cuticular wax during fruit development, was observed. The changes in triterpenoid content resulted from modifications of metabolic pathways, particularly hydroxylation and esterification, that can alter interactions with complementary functional groups of aliphatic constituents and lead to important changes in fruit surface quality.

Determination of Pyrantel in Swine Liver by Flame Ionization Gas Chromatography and Confirmation by Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-886
Author(s):  
Susan S.C Tai ◽  
Nancy Cargile ◽  
Charlie J Barnes ◽  
Philip Kijak
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ionization Method ◽  
Swine Liver

Abstract During an evaluation of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmatory procedure of Lynch and Bartoluccl for pyrantel residues in swine tissues, we developed a GC flame Ionization method for quantltatlng pyrantel residues In extracts of swine liver. The method was subjected to trial principally In the laboratories of Biospherics, Inc., using control liver, fortified control liver, and Incurred liver tissue samples. Although the method does not meet all of the current Food and Drug Administration criteria, it compares favorably to the official determinative method. Portions of the same extract can be used for quantitation and for GC/MS confirmation, true recoveries appear to be slightly higher, and an internal standard Is not required. The precision of this method equals or exceeds that of the official determinative method.

scholarly journals DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Pepper Grown under Greenhouses Conditions in the Southeast of Spain

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Alfonso Llanderal ◽  
Pedro García-Caparrós ◽  
María Teresa Lao ◽  
Maria Luz Segura
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Crop Nutrition

The aim of this study was to compile DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms and sufficiency ranges for pepper grown in greenhouses and the determination of the variation in DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges during the different phenological stages of the crop. The DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges were constituted by 367 leaf samples of Capsicum annuum L. which were collected in different phenological stages of the crop (flowering (FL), fruiting (FT), fruit development (FD), and harvesting (HV)). Two sufficiency ranges were developed; one including all leaf samples and the other considering the leaf samples by phenological stages ((FL) (44), (FT) (96), (FD) (100), and (HV) (127)). Furthermore, 10 DRIS norms and CV were calculated from N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Two ratios of them were calculated in FL (N/P and N/K), two in FD (N/P and Ca/N) and one in HV (N/P) showing low CV, meaning, according to DRIS norms, the essential role of these nutrients in the crop nutrition. Moreover, the sufficiency ranges computed by all database were: N (34–56), P (1.9–4.3), K (30–51), Ca (12–33), and Mg (4.0–15) (mg g−1 DW), respectively. The data obtained in this experiment highlighted the importance of the sensitivity (low CV) of nutrient in the phenological stages such as happened with N.

Phthalate interference in gas-chromatographic determination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Geisler ◽  
A R Swanson ◽  
L Zieve ◽  
M W Anders
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Phthalates leached from plastic tubing or other plastic devices may interfere with gas-chromatographic determination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma. In the case of hospitalized patients who have received infusions or had blood drawn through plastic tubing, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry may be required for accurate determination of such fatty acids.

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