scholarly journals Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lutein from Scenedesmus almeriensis

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeet Mehariya ◽  
Angela Iovine ◽  
Giuseppe Di Sanzo ◽  
Vincenzo Larocca ◽  
Maria Martino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Scenedesmus Almeriensis

Lutein has several benefits for human health, playing an important role in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, amelioration of the first stages of atherosclerosis, and some types of cancer. In this work, the Scenedesmus almeriensis microalga was used as a natural source for the supercritical fluid (SF) extraction of lutein. For this purpose, the optimization of the main parameters affecting the extraction, such as biomass pre-treatment, temperature, pressure, and carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate, was performed. In the first stage, the effect of mechanical pre-treatment (diatomaceous earth (DE) and biomass mixing in the range 0.25–1 DE/biomass; grinding speed varying between 0 and 600 rpm, and pre-treatment time changing from 2.5 to 10 min), was evaluated on lutein extraction efficiency. In the second stage, the influence of SF-CO2 extraction parameters such as pressure (25–55 MPa), temperature (50 and 65 °C), and CO2 flow rate (7.24 and 14.48 g/min) on lutein recovery and purity was investigated. The results demonstrated that by increasing temperature, pressure, and CO2 flow rate lutein recovery and purity were improved. The maximum lutein recovery (~98%) with purity of ~34% was achieved operating at 65 °C and 55 MPa with a CO2 flow rate of 14.48 g/min. Therefore, optimum conditions could be useful in food industries for lutein supplementation in food products.

scholarly journals Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Astaxanthin, Lutein, and Fatty Acids from Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Sanzo ◽  
Sanjeet Mehariya ◽  
Maria Martino ◽  
Vincenzo Larocca ◽  
Patrizia Casella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Extraction ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Scale Reactor

Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae in the red phase can produce significant amounts of astaxanthin, lutein, and fatty acids (FAs), which are valuable antioxidants in nutraceutics and cosmetics. Extraction of astaxanthin, lutein, and FAs from disrupted biomass of the H. pluvialis red phase using carbon dioxide (CO2) in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions was investigated using a bench-scale reactor in a semi-batch configuration. In particular, the effect of extraction time (20, 40, 60, 80, and 120 min), CO2 flow rate (3.62 and 14.48 g/min) temperature (50, 65, and 80 °C), and pressure (100, 400, and 550 bar.) was explored. The results show the maximum recovery of astaxanthin and lutein achieved were 98.6% and 52.3%, respectively, at 50 °C and 550 bars, while the maximum recovery of FAs attained was 93.2% at 65 °C and 550 bars.

scholarly journals Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Molino ◽  
Vincenzo Larocca ◽  
Giuseppe Di Sanzo ◽  
Maria Martino ◽  
Patrizia Casella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Extraction Cycle ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Microalgae Dunaliella salina contains useful molecules such as β-carotene and fatty acids (FAs), which are considered high value-added compounds. To extract these molecules, supercritical carbon dioxide was used at different operative conditions. The effects of mechanical pre-treatment (grinding speed at 0–600 rpm; pre-treatment time of 2.5–7.5 min) and operating parameters for extraction, such as biomass loading (2.45 and 7.53 g), pressure (100–550 bars), temperature (50–75 °C) and CO2 flow rate (7.24 and 14.48 g/min) by varying the extraction times (30–110 min) were evaluated. Results showed that the maximum cumulative recovery (25.48%) of β-carotene was achieved at 400 bars and 65 °C with a CO2 flow rate of 14.48 g/min, while the highest purity for stage (55.40%) was attained at 550 bars and 65 °C with a CO2 flow rate of 14.48 g/min. The maximum recovery of FAs, equal to 8.47 mg/g, was achieved at 550 bars and 75 °C with a CO2 flow rate of 14.48 g/min. Moreover, the lowest biomass loading (2.45 g) and the first extraction cycle (30 min) allowed the maximum extraction of β-carotene and FAs.

scholarly journals Selective Extraction of ω-3 Fatty Acids from Nannochloropsis sp. Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Paolo Leone ◽  
Roberto Balducchi ◽  
Sanjeet Mehariya ◽  
Maria Martino ◽  
Vincenzo Larocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Treatment Step

In this article, microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. was used for fatty acid (FA) extraction, using a supercritical fluid-carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) extraction method. This study investigated the influence of different pre-treatment conditions by varying the grinding speed (200–600 rpm), pre-treatment time (2.5–10 min), and mixing ratio of diatomaceous earth (DE) and Nannochloropsis sp. biomass (0.5–2.0 DE/biomass) on FAs extraction. In addition, the effect of different operating conditions, such as pressure (100–550 bar), temperature (50–75 °C), and CO2 flow rate (7.24 and 14.48 g/min) on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) recovery, was analyzed. Experimental data evidenced that, keeping constant the extraction conditions, the pre-treatment step enhanced the FAs extraction yield up to 3.4 fold, thereby the maximum extracted amount of FAs (61.19 mg/g) was attained with the pre-treatment with a ratio of DE/biomass of 1 at 600 rpm for 5 min. Moreover, by increasing both SF-CO2 pressure and temperature, the selectivity towards EPA was enhanced, while intermediate pressure and lower pressure promoted DHA recovery. The highest amount of extracted EPA, i.e., 5.69 mg/g, corresponding to 15.59%, was obtained at 75 °C and 550 bar with a CO2 flow rate of 14.48 g/min, while the maximum amount of extracted DHA, i.e., ~0.12 mg/g, equal to 79.63%, was registered at 50 °C and 400 bar with a CO2 flow rate of 14.48 g/min. Moreover, the increased CO2 flow rate from 7.24 to 14.48 g/min enhanced both EPA and DHA recovery.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Bioprocess Performance for Improvement of Bioethanol Production from Macroalgae

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benan İnan ◽  
Didem Özçimen
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Bioethanol Yield

In the last decade, studies that have focused on biodiesel production from algal biomass have been replaced with bioethanol production from algae, because bioethanol production from algae seems more promising when assessed on economic terms. Most coastal areas are covered with macroalgae, which are considered as a waste, and thus become a great problem for the municipality. Instead of their disposal, they can be alternatively utilized for bioethanol production. In this study, macroalgae located in the coastal regions of the Marmara Sea were collected and utilized for bioethanol production, and effects of the concentration of pre-treatment chemicals, pre-treatment temperature, and pre-treatment time on bioethanol yield were investigated. The highest bioethanol yields for dilute acid and alkaline pre-treatments were obtained under the conditions of 2 N sulfuric acid and 0.15 N potassium hydroxide solutions at the pre-treatment temperature of 100 °C and pre-treatment time of 60 minutes.

Development of a Method of Analysis for 46 Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Ion TVap Mass Spectrometry

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J Lehotay ◽  
Konstantin I Eller
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Co2 Flow

Abstract A multiresidue method using supercritical fluid ex-traction (SFE) and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/1TMS) was developed for analysis of 46 pesticides in fruits and vegetables. The SFE procedure used 2 commercial instruments that trapped the extracts on solid-phase material. Silica gel chemically bound to octadecylsi-lane (ODS) collected the extracted pesticides efficiently, and elution of the trap with acetonitrile gave high recoveries. Extracts thus obtained were sufficiently clean for subsequent GC/ITMS analysis. The SFE conditions were 320 atm and 60°C (0.85 g/mL CO2 density) and 1.6 mL/min CO2 flow rate for 6 extraction vessel volumes. Trapping on 1 mL ODS occurred at 10°C, and a 0.4 mL/min flow rate of acetonitrile at 40°–50°C was used to elute the pesticides. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the 46 pesticides were performed simultaneously by GC/ITMS. Studies of fortified samples gave >80% recoveries for 39 pesticides, and recoveries of >50% for the other pesticides, except methamidophos and omethoate. Grapes, carrots, potatoes, and broccoli were used as samples during method development, and a blind experiment involving incurred and fortified samples was used to test the approach. Results of the blind study compared satisfactorily with results from 7 laboratories using traditional GC detectors and solvent-based extractions.

scholarly journals Extraction of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol from Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Leaves by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Pavić ◽  
Martina Jakovljević ◽  
Maja Molnar ◽  
Stela Jokić
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Carnosic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Salvia Officinalis L ◽  
Co2 Flow

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a good source of antioxidant compounds, carnosic acid and carnosol being the prominent ones. Both are soluble in CO2, and our goal was to investigate the application of supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain sage extracts rich in these compounds. The effect of pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate on the carnosic acid and carnosol yield was studied. These variables were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The pressure significantly affected carnosol extraction, while the extraction of carnosic acid was affected by the pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate. Carnosic acid content varied from 0.29–120.0 µg mg−1, and carnosol content from 0.46–65.5 µg mg−1. The optimal conditions according to RSM were a pressure of 29.5 MPa, a temperature of 49.1°C, and a CO2 flow rate of 3 kg h−1, and the sage extract yield was calculated to be 6.54%, carnosic acid content 105 µg mg−1, and carnosol content 56.3 µg mg−1. The antioxidant activities of the sage extracts were evaluated by the scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Sage extract obtained at 30 MPa and 40°C with 2 kg h−1 CO2 flow rate with a carnosic acid content of 72 µg mg−1 and carnosol content of 55 µg mg−1 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (80.0 ± 0.68%) amongst the investigated supercritical fluid extracts at 25 µg mL−1 concentration. The antimicrobial properties of extracts were tested on four bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract with a carnosic acid content of 116 µg mg−1 and a carnosol content of 60.6 µg mg−1 was found to be the most potent agent against B. subtilis.

scholarly journals Transient accumulation of subretinal fluid after half-fluence photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Ho Kim ◽  
Yoo-Ri Chung ◽  
Ji Hun Song
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Subretinal Fluid ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is known to occlude choroidal neovascularisation selectively, and there have been several reports on its adverse effects on the normal choroid and retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in decreased vision. Methods This retrospective interventional case series aimed to investigate the changes in visual acuity and retinal thickness in the immediate post-treatment period after half-fluence PDT, administered alone or with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and steroids, in 29 eyes (26 patients) with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The patients’ best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) on optical coherence tomography images were measured 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month post-treatment. Results Compared to the pre-treatment CFT (270.38 μm), the mean CFT was significantly increased 1 day post-treatment (387.07 μm, P = 0.001), which then started to decrease, with a mean CFT of 269.32 μm (P = 0.516) at 1 week, and of 240.66 μm (P = 0.066) at 1 month post-treatment. All CFT increases were due to the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF), rather than the intraretinal or subretinal pigment epithelium fluid. Relative to the pre-treatment BCVA (0.59 logMAR), the mean BCVA at 1 day (0.74 logMAR, P = 0.005) and 1 week (0.75 logMAR, P = 0.002) post-treatment was significantly deteriorated; however, it recovered to 0.62 logMAR at 1 month. The patterns of change in CFT and BCVA did not differ according to treatment modality. Conclusions Half-fluence PDT resulted in accumulation of SRF in the immediate post-treatment period; this damage mostly recovered within a week, and the BCVA was restored within a month.

scholarly journals A comparative study of solvent and supercritical CO2 extraction of Simarouba gluaca seed oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
B. Anjaneyulu ◽  
S. Satyannarayana ◽  
Sanjit Kanjilal ◽  
V. Siddaiah ◽  
K. N. Prasanna Rani
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Supercritical Co2 Extraction ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Phosphorous Content ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In the present study, the supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction of oil from Simarouba gluaca seeds was carried out at varying conditions of pressure (300–500 bar), temperature (50–70 °C) and CO2 flow rate (10–30 g·min-1). The extraction condition for maximum oil yield was obtained at 500 bar pressure, 70 °C and at 30 g·min-1 flow rate of CO2. The extracted oil was analyzed thoroughly for physico-chemical properties and compared with those of conventional solvent extracted oil. An interesting observation is a significant reduction in the phosphorus content of the oil (8.4 mg·kg-1) extracted using supercritical CO2 compared to the phosphorous content of the solvent extracted oil (97 mg·kg-1). Moreover, the content of total tocopherols in supercritically extracted oil (135.6 mg·kg-1) was found to be higher than the solvent extracted oil (111 mg·kg-1). The rest of the physico-chemical properties of the two differently extracted oils matched well with each other. The results indicated the possible benefits of supercritical CO2 extraction over solvent extraction of Simarouba gluaca seed oil.

scholarly journals 361 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat pretreated corn whole stillage

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo ◽  
William Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Whole Stillage ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Pre-treatment of whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with heat can improve digestibility of the resulting DDGS by pigs. A study was conducted to identify optimal conditions (time and temperature) for heat pre-treatment of corn WS. Six samples of WS from different sources were divided into 13 sub-samples to give a total of 78 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to 13 sub-samples from each source (1 sub-sample/treatment). The treatments were untreated WS, and WS that was pre-treated (70 psi) for 10, 20, or 30 minutes and at 100, 120, 140, or 160 °C in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. Sub-samples were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in fermented solutions was also measured. Pre-treatment time and temperature did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM), and total gas and VFA production. Pre-treatment time did not affect total gas and VFA production. The IVDDM for untreated WS was 73.4%. An increase in pre-treatment temperature from 100 to 160 °C resulted in linear and quadratic increase in IVDDM by 11%. Response surface analysis indicated that maximum IVDDM resulted from relatively long pre-treatment times (20–30 mins) and highest pre-treatment temperature. An increase in pre-treatment temperature from 100 to 160 °C resulted in linear increase in total gas production by 13%; maximum total gas production resulted from relatively short pre-treatment times (10–20 mins) and highest pre-treatment temperature. Total VFA production was unaffected by pre-treatment time. In conclusion, in vitro digestibility and fermentability of WS was improved by heat pre-treatment. Optimal conditions for pre-treatment of WS for combined improved digestibility and fermentability were 160 °C and 20 mins.

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